Genetics

Question 0

What is a ploidy number?

Answer 0

Number of copies of each chromosome
Ex: humans= two copies of each chromosome from mom/dad
2n=46

Question 1

What is a haploid number?

Answer 1

One copy of each chromosome (distinct)

Ex: gamete n=23

Question 2

What is a chromosome?

Answer 2

Thread-like structure of nucleotides

Question 3

What is a chromatid?

Answer 3

Each of the two thread like strands in which a cell divides into

Question 4

What is a sister chromatid?

Answer 4

Two identical copies of a single chromosome

Question 5

What is a nonsister chromatid?

Answer 5

Two chromatids of a homologous pair

Question 6

What is a homologous pair?

Answer 6

Same chromosome from mom/dad

Question 7

What is a tetrad?

Answer 7

Homologous pairs when lined up at the metaphase plate

Question 8

What is an allele?

Answer 8

Different forms of a gene

Question 9

What is a locus?

Answer 9

Where a gene is located on a chromosome

Question 10

What is a centrosome?

Answer 10

Pair of centrioles

Question 11

What is a centriole?

Answer 11

Triplet micro tubule structure from which the mitotic spindle is formed

Question 12

What is independent assortment?

Answer 12

“Law of segregation”

Allele pairs seperate independently during the formation of gametes (meiosis 1/ metaphase 1)

Question 13

What is Mendel’s Model?

Answer 13

1. Multiple alleles for one phenotype
2. For each character, an individual inherit two alleles; one from each parent
3. If two alleles at the same locus differ, the dominant allele will determine appearance
4. The law of segregation; the two alleles for a character segregate during gamete production and hence end up in different gametes

Question 14

What did Mendel discover?

Answer 14

Some traits are dominant, some are recessive

Question 15

What is genetics?

Answer 15

Scientific study of heredity

Question 16

What is heredity?

Answer 16

Transmission of traits from one generation to another

Question 17

What is a character?

Answer 17

Heritable features that vary among individuals

Question 18

What is a trait?

Answer 18

(Phenotype) variant for the character

Question 19

What is a model organism?

Answer 19

An organism that is widely used because it is easy to maintain in a lab setting

Question 20

What is true breeding?

Answer 20

An organism that will always give certain traits to their offspring (phenotypic trait)

Question 21

What is hybridization?

Answer 21

Cross between two true breeding varieties with different phenotype a of the same character

Question 22

What are two other theories of heredities that failed?

Answer 22

Blended: black + white = grey
Acquired: modified traits in parents are passed to offspring

Question 23

What is incomplete dominance?

Answer 23

White + red = pink

Question 24

What is co dominance?

Answer 24

Red + white = red & white

Question 25

What is multiple allelism?

Answer 25

The existence of more than two alleles of the same gene

Question 26

What is polymorphism?

Answer 26

The presence of more then two phenotypes for a particular trait

Question 27

What is epistasis?

Answer 27

When the allele of one gene masks the affect of an allele of another gene

Question 28

What is aneuploidy?

Answer 28

Zygote has abnormal number of chromosomes | Ex: trisomy 21 (n+1)

Question 29

What does monosomic mean?

Answer 29

Missing a chromosome (2n-1)

Question 30

What does trisomic mean?

Answer 30

Triplicate chromosome (2n+1)

Question 31

What are the two phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 31

Interphase | Mitotic phase

Question 32

What are the three phases of interphase?

Answer 32

G1- sufficient nutrients S- DNA synthesis G2- replicated chromosomes

Question 33

What is mitosis?

Answer 33

Separation of genetic material

Question 34

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 34

Separation of cytoplasm

Question 35

What are the five phases of mitosis?

Answer 35

``` Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ```

Question 36

Meiosis vs mitosis

Answer 36

Meiosis. Mitosis Haploid. Diploid Sex cells. Non sex cells Make gametes. Make identical Genetic variation Cells

Question 37

What are the cell cycle check points?

Answer 37

G1: sufficient nutrients G2: all chromosome to spindles M: all chromosomes attached to spindles

Question 38

What is a karyotype?

Answer 38

Number of distinct chromosomes present

Question 39

Meiosis 1 vs meiosis 2

Answer 39

Meiosis 1. Meiosis 2 Split up homo. Pair. Split up sister 2n. Chromatids n

Question 40

What is crossing over?

Answer 40

Exchange of genetic material between homologous pairs (meiosis 1/ prophase 1)

Question 41

Independent assortment vs crossing over?

Answer 41

Independent Crossing over Mixing/swapping Exchange of places w/ chromes. Genetic material

Question 42

What was Mendel?

Answer 42

An Austrian monk who discovered the basics of genetics using peas

Question 43

What did Mendel's experiments discover?

Answer 43

Some traits are dominant, some are recessive

Question 44

Sex chromosomes vs autosomal chromosomes

Answer 44

XX/XY. All other 22 Chrome Determine Not involved in sex If you're Determining A boy or a girl

Question 45

How does the environment influence phenotype?

Answer 45

(Nature vs nurture) Less wind= taller tree More nutrients= stronger organism

Question 46

Morgan 1907

Answer 46

Mendel took us so far, Morgan bring it up to a new level using fruit flies instead of peas (genotype & phenotype)

Question 47

X linked chromosomes- why do fathers pass x linked genes to daughters, not to sons?

Answer 47

When the XY split up 50% are X and 50% are Y. Two X's make a daughter therefore they only pass X linked genes to daughters

Question 48

What is non disjunction?

Answer 48

Failure of separation of homologous pairs or sister chromatids either in meiosis 1 or meiosis 2 (Ana1). (Ana2)

Question 49

What are four ways chromosome structure can be altered?

Answer 49

Deletion Duplication Inversion Reciprocal translocation