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Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for the same gene

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2
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 different alleles for a characteristic

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3
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable/measurable expression of genotype

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4
Q

Rule of Multiplication

A

2 independent events occur together

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5
Q

Rule of Addition

A

prob of event can occur in 2 separate ways

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6
Q

Complete Dominance

A

phenotypes of hetero and homo are indistinguishable

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7
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

hybrids express both phenotypes in distinguishable ways

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8
Q

Codominance

A

hybrids express both phenotypes in distinguishable ways with recognizable components of each parent

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9
Q

loci

A

a gene’s position on a chromosome

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10
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Alleles of gametes on non homologous chromosomes assort independently during gamete formation

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11
Q

Linked genes

A

genes on same chromosome

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12
Q

Test cross

A

F1 unknown individual with homozygous recessive parent, if linked offspring look just like parents

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13
Q

Chromosome Crossover

A

When alleles on homologous chromosomes are separated by crossover while replicated in Propase I.

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14
Q

Gene

A

Unit of inheritable features

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15
Q

Alleles/ Traits

A

Variance of a given character

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16
Q

True breeding

A

self pollination–offspring look just like parents

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17
Q

Hybrid

A

results from x of 2 true breeding parents

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18
Q

P generation

A

true breeding parents

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19
Q

F1 generation

A

first phillial

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20
Q

F2 generation

A

second phillial generation

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21
Q

Law of segregation

A

Each gamete retains one allele for that gene during meiosis (haploid)

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22
Q

Meiosis

A

cell division resulting in cells with half the original amount of chromosomes

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23
Q

Meiosis I

A

homologous chromosomes separate leaving haploid cells with duplicated chromosomes

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24
Q

Meiosis II

A

Sister Chromatids separate leaving 4 daughter cells with one chromosome each

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25
Interphase
Chromosomes duplicate
26
Genetic Variation
-Indep assortment of chromosomes (Metaphase I chromosomes line up by chance) -Crossing over -Random Fertilization
27
Sex-Linked Genes
Gene located on either sex chromosome
28
Aneuploidy
Abnormal number of one particular chromosome
29
Trisomic
aneuploid cell has 3 copies of chromosome
30
Monosomic
aneuploid cell has no copies of chromosome
31
Polyploidy
organism with more than two complete chromosome sets
32
Meiotic disjunction
distribution of chromosomes is not equal between daughter cells
33
Deletion
Removes a chromosomal segment
34
Duplication
Repeats a chromosomal segment
35
Inversion
Reverses a segment within a chromosome
36
Translocation
Moves a segment from one chromosome to another non homologous chromosome
37
Nonreciprocal Translocation
Chromosome steals a fragment without giving one in return
38
Conservative model Dispersive model Semi conservative model
Copies entirely new Copies in pieces Half old and half new
39
DNA Polymerase
Enzymes that catalyze the elongation of DNA strand
40
Nucleoside triphosphate
sugar + nitrogenous base + 3 phosphate groups. 2 phosphate groups are clipped off and undergo hydrolysis to form 2 molecules of phosphate
41
Antiparallel Elongation
New strand made in this direction from 3' to 5' end leading and lagging strand
42
Okazaki Fragments
lagging strand synthesized in these fragments
43
DNA ligase
joins the newly synthesized DNA fragments together
44
DNA primer
Needed to start synthesis. Short stretch of RNA or DNA called Primase
45
Leading strand
No probs! Needs 1 primer runs all the way from 3' to 5'
46
Lagging strand
each segment needs to be primed separately.
47
DNA Polymerase I
replaces RNA nucleotides of primers with DNA versions
48
Helicase
Unwinds at the replication forks
49
Topoisomerase
relieves stress caused by the helices untwisting
50
Single strand binding protein
bind to unpaired DNA strands that helices has separated to stabilize the unwound template strands
51
DNA Polymerase III
continuously adds new nucleotides to the lagging strand
52
Mismatch repair
cells use special enzymes to fix incorrectly pair nucleotides Nuclease--excise the damaged portion then the polymerases and ligase replace and seal in place
53
Telomeres
multiple repetitions for one short nucleotide sequence (does not code for genes)
54
Transcription
synthesis of RNA under direction of DNA happens in nucleus
55
Translation
synthesis of polypeptide (protein) happens in cytoplasm
56
RNA
ribose instead of deoxyribose, uracil instead of thymine
57
Bacteria replication
For Prokaryotes occurs immediately--RNA transcript (mRNA) translated by ribosomes into protein.
58
Eukaryotes replication
RNA processing occurs in the nucleus modification of primary transcription to produce mature mRNA
59
mRNA
base triplets code for amino acids
60
Code problems
Redundancy--several codons code for one a.a. NO AMBIGUITY. No code for more than one amino acid
61
RNA Initiation
After RNA pol binds to promoter the DNA strands unwind , RNA pol initiates RNA synthesis on template strand
62
RNA Elongation
RNA pol moves downstream unwinding DNA and elongating the RNA transcript from 5' to 3'. In wake of RNA pol to the DNA strands reform the double helix
63
RNA Termination
transcript is released and RNA pol detached from the DNA
64
RNA Polymerase II
pries apart two strands and adds RNA nucleotides to DNA template

Biology 120 (2 decks)

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