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Biology 120 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for the same gene

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2
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 different alleles for a characteristic

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3
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable/measurable expression of genotype

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4
Q

Rule of Multiplication

A

2 independent events occur together

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5
Q

Rule of Addition

A

prob of event can occur in 2 separate ways

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6
Q

Complete Dominance

A

phenotypes of hetero and homo are indistinguishable

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7
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

hybrids express both phenotypes in distinguishable ways

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8
Q

Codominance

A

hybrids express both phenotypes in distinguishable ways with recognizable components of each parent

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9
Q

loci

A

a gene’s position on a chromosome

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10
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Alleles of gametes on non homologous chromosomes assort independently during gamete formation

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11
Q

Linked genes

A

genes on same chromosome

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12
Q

Test cross

A

F1 unknown individual with homozygous recessive parent, if linked offspring look just like parents

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13
Q

Chromosome Crossover

A

When alleles on homologous chromosomes are separated by crossover while replicated in Propase I.

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14
Q

Gene

A

Unit of inheritable features

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15
Q

Alleles/ Traits

A

Variance of a given character

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16
Q

True breeding

A

self pollination–offspring look just like parents

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17
Q

Hybrid

A

results from x of 2 true breeding parents

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18
Q

P generation

A

true breeding parents

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19
Q

F1 generation

A

first phillial

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20
Q

F2 generation

A

second phillial generation

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21
Q

Law of segregation

A

Each gamete retains one allele for that gene during meiosis (haploid)

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22
Q

Meiosis

A

cell division resulting in cells with half the original amount of chromosomes

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23
Q

Meiosis I

A

homologous chromosomes separate leaving haploid cells with duplicated chromosomes

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24
Q

Meiosis II

A

Sister Chromatids separate leaving 4 daughter cells with one chromosome each

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25
Q

Interphase

A

Chromosomes duplicate

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26
Q

Genetic Variation

A

-Indep assortment of chromosomes
(Metaphase I chromosomes line up by chance)
-Crossing over
-Random Fertilization

27
Q

Sex-Linked Genes

A

Gene located on either sex chromosome

28
Q

Aneuploidy

A

Abnormal number of one particular chromosome

29
Q

Trisomic

A

aneuploid cell has 3 copies of chromosome

30
Q

Monosomic

A

aneuploid cell has no copies of chromosome

31
Q

Polyploidy

A

organism with more than two complete chromosome sets

32
Q

Meiotic disjunction

A

distribution of chromosomes is not equal between daughter cells

33
Q

Deletion

A

Removes a chromosomal segment

34
Q

Duplication

A

Repeats a chromosomal segment

35
Q

Inversion

A

Reverses a segment within a chromosome

36
Q

Translocation

A

Moves a segment from one chromosome to another non homologous chromosome

37
Q

Nonreciprocal Translocation

A

Chromosome steals a fragment without giving one in return

38
Q

Conservative model
Dispersive model
Semi conservative model

A

Copies entirely new
Copies in pieces
Half old and half new

39
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Enzymes that catalyze the elongation of DNA strand

40
Q

Nucleoside triphosphate

A

sugar + nitrogenous base + 3 phosphate groups. 2 phosphate groups are clipped off and undergo hydrolysis to form 2 molecules of phosphate

41
Q

Antiparallel Elongation

A

New strand made in this direction from 3’ to 5’ end leading and lagging strand

42
Q

Okazaki Fragments

A

lagging strand synthesized in these fragments

43
Q

DNA ligase

A

joins the newly synthesized DNA fragments together

44
Q

DNA primer

A

Needed to start synthesis. Short stretch of RNA or DNA called Primase

45
Q

Leading strand

A

No probs! Needs 1 primer runs all the way from 3’ to 5’

46
Q

Lagging strand

A

each segment needs to be primed separately.

47
Q

DNA Polymerase I

A

replaces RNA nucleotides of primers with DNA versions

48
Q

Helicase

A

Unwinds at the replication forks

49
Q

Topoisomerase

A

relieves stress caused by the helices untwisting

50
Q

Single strand binding protein

A

bind to unpaired DNA strands that helices has separated to stabilize the unwound template strands

51
Q

DNA Polymerase III

A

continuously adds new nucleotides to the lagging strand

52
Q

Mismatch repair

A

cells use special enzymes to fix incorrectly pair nucleotides
Nuclease–excise the damaged portion then the polymerases and ligase replace and seal in place

53
Q

Telomeres

A

multiple repetitions for one short nucleotide sequence (does not code for genes)

54
Q

Transcription

A

synthesis of RNA under direction of DNA happens in nucleus

55
Q

Translation

A

synthesis of polypeptide (protein) happens in cytoplasm

56
Q

RNA

A

ribose instead of deoxyribose, uracil instead of thymine

57
Q

Bacteria replication

A

For Prokaryotes occurs immediately–RNA transcript (mRNA) translated by ribosomes into protein.

58
Q

Eukaryotes replication

A

RNA processing occurs in the nucleus modification of primary transcription to produce mature mRNA

59
Q

mRNA

A

base triplets code for amino acids

60
Q

Code problems

A

Redundancy–several codons code for one a.a. NO AMBIGUITY. No code for more than one amino acid

61
Q

RNA Initiation

A

After RNA pol binds to promoter the DNA strands unwind , RNA pol initiates RNA synthesis on template strand

62
Q

RNA Elongation

A

RNA pol moves downstream unwinding DNA and elongating the RNA transcript from 5’ to 3’. In wake of RNA pol to the DNA strands reform the double helix

63
Q

RNA Termination

A

transcript is released and RNA pol detached from the DNA

64
Q

RNA Polymerase II

A

pries apart two strands and adds RNA nucleotides to DNA template

Biology 120 (2 decks)

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