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Bio honors > genetics 2 > Flashcards

genetics 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA full name

A

Deoxyribonucleicacid

-ATGC

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2
Q

RNA full name

A

Ribonucleic acid

-AUGC

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3
Q

monomer of RNA and DNA

A

Nucleotide

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4
Q

Parts of a nucleotide

A

sugar, phosphate (negative), base

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5
Q

pyrimidines( 1 ring )

A

Thymine- only in DNA
Cytosine
Uracil- not in dna

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6
Q

purines ( 2 rings )

A

Adenine

Guanine

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7
Q

3 prime (carbon)

A
  • always connected to hydroxyl
  • where bonding (phosphodiester) occurs = dehydration synthesis

side note: DNA lose oxygen( only has H on one)

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8
Q

uprights

A
  • alternating sugar and phosphate

- has strongest bond= phosphodiester (covalent)

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9
Q

rungs

A
  • bases

Hydrogen bonds between

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10
Q

DNA structure bonds

A
  • always purines to pyrimidines(3)
  • A to T = weaker- 2 H bonds(DNA)
  • A to U= RNA- 2 bonds
  • G to c = stronger- 3 H bonds
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11
Q

Fredrick Griffith

A
  • tried to find what gene was made of with the rat experiment
  • Found that Heat killed bacteria passed something(DNA) to rough bacteria that killed the rats
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12
Q

Oswald Avery

A
  • did elimination experiment 1 variable at a time to see what exactly was killing the mouse
  • discovered it was DNA
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13
Q

Alfred Hershey and Marth Chase

A
  • Validated Avery’s conclusion

- used viruses that attacks bacteria

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14
Q

Erwin Chargaff

A
  • discovered that there are equal #s of As and Ts and equal Gs and Cs
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15
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A
  • x ray crystallography

- found that DNA= 2 stands that coil around each other

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16
Q

Watson and Crick

A
  • **** 1953
  • (discovered shape of DNA) 3D molecules of DNA - Double Helix
  • hydrogen bonds between purines and pyrimidines
  • method of replication
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17
Q

DNA chromosomes (Prokaryotic)

A
  • no nucleus

- circular DNA

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18
Q

DNA chromosomes (Eukaryotic)

A
  • nucleus

- Linear DNA

19
Q

Nucleosome

A

section of DNA coiled around Histones

20
Q

histone

A
  • protein that keeps DNA organized (positive charge)

- can move back and forth

21
Q

Chromatin

A
  • elongated DNA
  • open DNA
  • found in interface
  • made of coiled nucleosomes
22
Q

How to makes Chromosomes

A
  1. DNA wraps around histones
  2. DNA + Histones coil into nucleosomes
  3. Nucleosomes coil tighter into chromatin(2 types)
  4. super coil
23
Q

Euchromatin

A
  • open DNA
  • Histones are spread apart
  • gene on
24
Q

Heterochromatin

A
  • Closed DNA
  • Histones are close together
  • Gene off
25
Q

Epigenetics

A

Experiences and environment can effect which genes turn off

26
Q

Aminos

A

Turn on gene

27
Q

Methyl’s

A

turn off gene

28
Q

when does DNA replication occur

A

Interphase S

29
Q

Leading stand VRs Lagging strand

A 
Leading = 3 to 5, one primer
lagging= 5 to 3, lots primer
30
Q

Steps of DNA replication

A
  1. create open complex
  2. add primer (RNA)
  3. Extension of primer(Replication)
  4. primer replacement
  5. proofread
31
Q

Primase (enzyme)

A
  • adds primer to SS to start the replication process
32
Q

DNA Helicase (enzyme)

A
  • uncoils and unzips helix (DS)

- creates the open complex ( 2 Replication forks- where replication occurs)

33
Q

DNA polymerase

A
  • replicates DNA
  • replaces primer
  • proofreads= backwards to remove mistake, forwards to fix
34
Q

DNA Ligase

A
  • joins fragments of DNA

- creates final phosphodiester bond

35
Q

okazaki fragments

A
  • short section of lagging strand that is being looped to add primer
36
Q

semi consevative

A

New DNA molecule consists of one old strand and one new strand

37
Q

Telomere

A
  • found at end of chromosomes, highly repeated/condensed region of DNA
  • protects ends from damage
  • stops ends of chromosomes from fusing together
38
Q

End of replication problem

A
  • small section of of DNA is lost from lagging stand because prime cant be added before the start of the chromosome
  • can reach critical length( loss of all telomers) cant replicate = cell dies, organism aging
  • cell gets sent to G sub O (Go) to get fixed, cell will stay there and age
39
Q

DNA vs RNA

A
  • both: nucleic acids, monomer= nucleotides, no ose in name
  • RNA: SS, can bond to itself, uses ribose, No thymine, has Uracil.
    DNA: DS, uses deoxyribose, has all bases but uracil
40
Q

MRNA

A

carries DNA message to ribosomes

41
Q

TRNA

A

Transfers Amino Acids to Ribosomes

42
Q

RRNA

A

Part of ribosome: provides docking point for MRNA + Amino Acids

43
Q

why do we make MRNA

A
  • we cant just send DNA to the cytosol because it contains exonucleases that can destroy it
  • we will no longer have template so we send a copy
  • MRNA gets destroyed but makes proteins first

Bio honors (1 decks)

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