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Yr 10 Science S2 exam > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

male and female gametes unite
genetically different

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2
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

no gametes involved
all cells produced are identical

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3
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

DNA floats in the cytoplasm, no nucleus or internal compartments

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4
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

DNA is in nucleus
there are organelles

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5
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid
molecule that determines characteristics of all living things

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6
Q

DNA structure

A

made up of smaller molecules called nucleotides
nucleotides organised in a double helix (spiral staircase)
ladder made up of alternating sugar and phosphate

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7
Q

Nucleotide

A

consists of a phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar and 1 of 4 nitrogen bases

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8
Q

Complementary base pairing

A

2 bases make up a ‘rung’ on the ladder
Adenine (A) - Thymine (T) AT
Guanine (G) - Cytosine (C) GC

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9
Q

DNA replication

A

Strands of DNA separate (unzip)
nucleotides pair up with exposed bases (complementary)
2 identical DNA molecules

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10
Q

Chromosomes

A

long thin thread like structures found in nucleus
Made up of DNA twisted around histones
Every species have a specific amount

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11
Q

Mitosis

A

cell reproduction for growth, repair, asexual reproduction, regeneration
Interphases
Prophase
Metaphases
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

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12
Q

Meiosis

A

process of cell division that produces gametes
half number of chromosomes
female sex chromosomes are homologous pair (XX)
male sex chromosomes are not but behave as a pair (XY)
Prophase 1
Metaphases 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
Prophase 2
Metaphases 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2

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13
Q

Protein synthesis

A

DNA instructions
Transcription
mRNA instructions
Translation
Amino acids sequence in protein

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14
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

bred the garden pea plant
Used pure breeds to cross breed, produced F1 generation

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15
Q

Gene

A

section of DNA molecule (found in chromosomes) that contain instructions for the manufacture of protein

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16
Q

Allele

A

2 or more related genes that control a particular trait
RR, Rr, rr

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17
Q

Genotype

A

symbols that represent a gene combination RR, Rr, rr

18
Q

Phenotype

A

result of a genotype in an organism
round, wrinkled

19
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

cross between different alleles at a particular genetic location

19
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

cross in F1 generation.
2 individuals with homozygous genotype

19
Q

Homozygous

A

when alleles for a trait are the same
RR, rr

20
Q

Heterozygous

A

when alleles for a trait are different
Rr

21
Q

Dominant

A

trait that will appear as long as one allele is present

22
Q

Recessive

A

trait that will only show if both alleles are present

23
Q

F1 generation

A

first, initial cross between to pure breeds

24
Q

F2 generation

A

second cross, between 2 organisms that have already been crossed

25
Q

Punnett Squares

A

shows different possibilities for different genotypes

26
Q

sex-linked genes

A

genes found on sex chromosomes
usually on the X chromosome since X is longer than Y

27
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

neither gene for a particular trait is dominant
new phenotype
e.g. red x white = pink

28
Q

Co-dominance

A

both alleles are expressed in an individual, both phenotypes are present
red x white = red and white

29
Q

pedigrees

A

demonstrate inheritance of traits in a family tree

30
Q

Human genome project

A

genome is complete set of DNA, including all genes on an individual
international project to identify all genes in human genome

31
Q

Mutations

A

change or mistake in a DNA copy
may result by chance or from damage

32
Q

Mutagen

A

agents that cause mutations
chemical or physical
may cause break in DNA, replace base form, form abnormal bonds, activate genes that could cause out of control cell growth

33
Q

Silent mutation

A

changes in genetic code that do not affect the individual
amino acid doesn’t change

34
Q

Missense mutation

A

change that doesn’t stop gene from making protein, just makes a different one
protein functions incorrectly causing disease (sickle cell anaemia)

35
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

change causing cell to stop reading information before end
protein is incomplete, causing disease (Cystic-Fibrosis)

36
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

change by insertion or deletion of one or more bases in DNA copy
causes information to become jumbled
severe genetic disease (Tay-Sachs)

37
Q

Genetic modification

A

genetic information is changed by inserting genes
desirable trait can be added
GM crops can increase insect resistance and add nutritional value

38
Q

DNA profiling

A

method for obtaining unique patterns of DNA for identification
used for identifying suspect in a crime, testing to find biological parents of a child, identifying victims and perpetrators in genocide

39
Q
A

Yr 10 Science S2 exam (4 decks)

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