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Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of genes and chromosomes in heredity?

A
  • They are segments of your DNA
  • They give you unique characteristics (unique to you)
  • Carries genetic info
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2
Q

What are advantages of Sexual reproduction?

A
  • The offspring is not genetically identical to parents or each other
  • If the environment changes the offspring will be able to adapt and survive better
  • Offspring move away and don’t compete with parents (most cases)
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3
Q

What are the advantages of Asexual reproduction?

A
  • Doesn’t need mate/ No need to seek for one
  • No specialized mating behaviours or specialized anatomy
  • Nothing is left to chance (Heredity is direct and invariable)
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4
Q

What are the disadvantages of Sexual reproduction?

A
  • Needs to have specialized organs/anatomy for mating, needs to have matting calls, or be able to attract a mate
  • Attracting mate can also attract predators
  • Requires 2 members of species to interact
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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of Asexual reproduction?

A
  • Invariable offspring: Meaning that if the environment changes the offspring might not be suited to survive
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6
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does the average human have? How many total chromosomes are there?

A

23 pairs, and 46 total chromosomes

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7
Q

Types of Asexual reproduction

A

Binary fission, budding, spore formation, fragmentation, parthenogenesis.

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8
Q

Describe the structure of chromosomes and chromatid

A

Chromosomes are thread like structures that are a pair of sister chromatids attached by a centromeres

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9
Q

How to identify the number of chromosomes in a haploid or diploid cell

A

Total number of chromosomes in diploid cells are described as (2n) (twice the number of chromosomes in a haploid cell (n))

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10
Q

Identify all phases of mitosis and what happens during each

A

0- Interphase
1- Prophase
2- Metaphase
3- Anaphase
4- Telophase
4b- Cytokinesis

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11
Q

Describe the process of cloning animals

A

It involves the use of living things in engineering, industry, and medicine
We clone for mass production of livestock, and cloning endangered species

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12
Q

What is the difference between genes and alleles

A

Genes code for traits while alleles is the variation that we possess

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13
Q

What are genotypes

A

Genotypes determine which characteristics an individual will express (Genetic makeup)

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14
Q

What are phenotypes

A

Individual’s observable traits (ex. height, eye colour, blood type, etc)

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15
Q

Describe dominance and recessiveness

A

Dominant (Capital A_) Recessive (Lowercase _a)
Dominant allele of gene that overrules the recessive one.

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16
Q

What is the process of meiosis? Identify the phases and what happens during

A
  • Involves 2 stages where resulting daughter cells to have half the number of chromosomes (haploid) as the parent cell
  • Results in the formation of haploid sex cells (eggs and sperm)
  • Type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms
  • Cell divides twice and produces four daughter cell
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17
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells whilst meiosis produces cells that are genetically unique

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18
Q

What is the importance of random assortment and segregation in meiosis?

A

Random assortment:
- The number of possible chromosome combinations depend on chromosome pairs.
- Diploid (2n) organisms the number of possible combos is 2^n
- For humans the number of possible combos is 223 = 8 388 608

Law of segregation:
- EAch parent only passes one allele to their offspring
- Since a pair of chromosomes carries 2 alleles, only 1 chromosome is passed along
- Is why diploid cells need to become haploid

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19
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

The process where sperm cell production occurs

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20
Q

What is oogenesis

A

The process of formation of the female gametes, cytoplasm does not split evenly between eggs

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21
Q

Define Heredity

A

The passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another. Inheritance of genetic info from parent to offspring through the genes in sperm and egg cells.

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22
Q

Define Genetics

A

Genetics is the study of genes. Branch of biology that deals with the study of genetic variation, genes, and heredity.

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23
Q

DNA stands for …

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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24
Q

Define a Gene

A

Basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child.
Genes are made up of sequences of DNA and are arranged one after another at specific locations on chromosomes in the nucleus of cells.

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25
Q

Define Chromosome

A
  • Diploid cells that contain the normal number, while some cells contain 3 or more cets and are called POLYPOID
  • Found in nucleus in eukaryotes
  • Occurs mostly in sets - haploid cells have half the normal number
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26
Q

Define Locus

A

The physical location of a gene on a chromosome

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27
Q

Define Centromere

A

The middle of a chromosome and is the site where sister chromatids are linked

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28
Q

Define Asexual and Sexual Reproduction

A

Asexual Reproduction is the production of offspring from a single parent (w/o use of sex cell)
Sexual Reproduction is the production of offspring with 2 parents (w/ use of sex cell)

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29
Q

Define Mitosis

A

Process where chromosome duplicates and is segregated producing 2 nuclei and new cells
Process where singular parent cell divides to create two identical daughter cells

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30
Q

Interphase?

A

It is the phase where genetic info/material is thread like and chromatin is duplicated, it results in pair of sister chromatids

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31
Q

Define Chromatin

A
  • Highly organized condensed structure made up of DNA, RNA, and proteins
  • Chromatin refers to a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms
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32
Q

Define Sister Chromatids

A

Identical copies formed by DNA replication

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33
Q

Define Spindle Fibres

A

Spindle fibers form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell

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34
Q

Define Centrosome

A

Cellular structure involved in process of cell division

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35
Q

What is Cytokinesis?

A

It is when the cell divides its cytoplasm and organelles into 2 nw daughter cells

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36
Q

Define Cloning and what it is

A

Cloning a gene is isolating and making exact copies of an organism’s genes

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37
Q

What are biotechnology?

A

Technology based on biology

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38
Q

GMO

A

Genetically Modified Organism

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39
Q

Define Meiosis

A

Cell division that reduces number of chromosomes in parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells

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40
Q

What are Homologous Chromosomes?

A

pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism that have similar genes, although not necessarily identical

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41
Q

Define Tetrad

A

Group or set of four

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42
Q

Define Synapsis

A

Fusion of chromosomes at start of meiosis, pairing of chromosomes

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43
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Occurs during prophase I “homo chromos” come together and form tetrads and the arms of the chromatids can swap at random, creating many more possibilities for genetic variation of the gametes.

44
Q

What is Gametogenesis? Define?

A

Production of gametes from haploid precursor cells

45
Q

What is Spermatogenesis? Define?

A

Produces sperm

46
Q

What are Polar Bodies?

A

Cells that don’t receive enough cytoplasm are polar bodies and die off

47
Q

Who is Gregor Mendel? (Who is he? Importance?)

A

Know as the father of genetics, he studied and observed the traits of the pea plants.

48
Q

Difference between heterozygous and homozygous?

A

Alleles that are the same or different (AA, aa) (Aa)

49
Q

Identifying Genoytypes?

A

The mixture of alleles an organism possesses

50
Q

Segregation of alleles into gametes during meiosis?

A

When chromosomes separate into different gametes during meiosis the two different alleles for a particular gene also segregate so each gamete acquires one of two alleles

51
Q

What are Punnett squares? How do they work?

A

Diagram used to help predict genotypes

52
Q

Determining genotype of an unknown from a test cross?

A
53
Q

What’s the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance?

A

In complete dominance, only one allele in the genotype is seen in the phenotype. In codominance, both alleles in the genotype are seen in the phenotype. In incomplete dominance, a mixture of the alleles in the genotype is seen in the phenotype

54
Q

The genetics of determining blood types?

A
55
Q

How to complete Punnett Squares of multi trait inheritance

A

Determine the genotypes and arrange to fill out

56
Q

How to use pedigree to identify genotypes of families

A

By tracing trait through family

57
Q

Sex-linked traits and their patterns?

A

A striking characteristic of X-linked inheritance is that fathers cannot pass X-linked traits to their sons; fathers only pass X chromosomes to their daughters and Y chromosomes to their sons. In contrast, mothers pass X-linked genes to both sons and daughters

58
Q

Define Homozygous

A

Same AA or aa
Organism that has 2 copies of the same allele

59
Q

Define Heterozygous

A

Different Aa
Organism that has 2 different copies of the alleles

60
Q

Define Punnett Square

A

Can predict probability

61
Q

Define Probability?

A

What is most likely to happen and not happen.. etc…

62
Q

Define test cross

A

Can be used to determine genotype

63
Q

Segregation

A

Setting something apart from the others

64
Q

Define Incomplete dominance

A

They mix. - the genetic phenomenon in which the distinct gene products from the two codominant alleles in a heterozygote blend to form a phenotype intermediate between those of the two homozygotes

65
Q

Define Codominance

A

Both (appearance of both) - Two alleles of same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in individual

66
Q

Define Pedigree

A

Record of descent - Family history

67
Q

What is Sex-linkage

A

Characteristic or traits influenced by genes carried on sex chromosomes

68
Q

What is the importance of DNA?

A

Inheritance, how we pass information down, passing things down, found in nucleus

69
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

a double helix formed from two complementary strands of nucleotides
2 strands paired and a slight curve

70
Q

What is the Hammerling experiment and Hershey-Chase experiment?

A

Hammerling experiment:
Nucleus cell controls development of organisms. The genetic information in a eukaryotic cell is housed within the nucleus

Hershey chase experiment:
When bacteriophages, which are composed of DNA and protein, infect bacteria, their DNA enters the host bacterial cell, but most of their protein does not. Hershey and Chase and subsequent discoveries all served to prove that DNA is the hereditary material

71
Q

Chemical components of nucleotides?

A

Deoxyribose (sugar)
Phosphate
Nitrogen base

72
Q

The bases

A

A - Adenine
T - Thymine
C - Cytosine
G - Guanine

73
Q

Base pairing rules

A

the amount of guanine should be equal to the amount of cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to the amount of thymine (Chargaff Rule)

74
Q

Franklin? Wilkins? Watson? Crick?

A

Rosalind Franklin discovered the structure of DNA. Wilkins and Crick took Rosalind Franklins’ information and research and discovered the DNA structure as well

75
Q

Describe the chemical structure of DNA?

A

a double helix formed from two complementary strands of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds between G-C and A-T base pairs

76
Q

Describe Mutations

A

Errors in genetic code
Can be harmful, neutral, beneficial

77
Q

Types of point mutations?

A

Point mutations, chromosome mutations

78
Q

Control mutations

A

DNA had polymerase (protein) that proofread DNA and checks for mutations
Some type of bacteria can reduce effectiveness of proofreader which allows for more mutations when stressed

79
Q

Diseases caused by inherited mutations?

A

Cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s, Sickle cell anemia

80
Q

Define Mutagens

A

Chemical agent that permanently changes genetic material. Anything that causes a mutation (a change in the DNA of a cell

81
Q

Describe Transposons

A
  • Sections of DNA that can move all around the genome, even between chromosomes
  • If lands in the middle of another gene, then the gene no longer functions (ex. Blood clotting)
82
Q

Define double helix

A

Term used to describe DNA physical structure

83
Q

Define Ribose

A

a type of simple sugar, or carbohydrate, that our bodies make

84
Q

Nucleotide and their names

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

85
Q

Define Base pair

A

Two nitrogen containing bases that come together to form structure of SNA

86
Q

Define complementary base pairing

A

A-T (Adenine and Thymine)
G-C (Cytosine and Guanine)

87
Q

Define hydrogen bond

A

Special dipole diploe attraction between molecules, strongest bond involving either Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Fluorine

88
Q

Define mutation

A

Errors in genetic coding

89
Q

Define point mutation

A

Substitution, Insertion, Deletion
Single nucleotide base is changed

90
Q

Define spontaneous/Induced mutations

A
91
Q

Define Genome

A

Complete set of DNA

92
Q

Define Genomics

A

The science and study of DNA

93
Q

Define Knockout

A

the use of genetic engineering to inactivate or remove one or more specific genes from an organism

94
Q

What is DNA Fingerprinting?

A

Technique used to link biological evidienceetween people - determining DNA characteristics

95
Q

What is Turner syndrome?

A

one X and no Y ( monosomy) – individuals are female in appearance but do not mature sexually and are sterile

96
Q

What is Klinefelter syndrome?

A

2 X and one Y ( trisomy) – individuals are sterile males that exhibit some feminine body characteristics

97
Q

What is Patau syndrome?

A

trisomy 13 – individuals have serious developmental problems, including brain, kidney and heart defects, usually live only for a few months

98
Q

What is Edwards syndrome?

A

trisomy 18 – individuals have many organ system defects, low survival rate, most fetuses die before birth, infants usually live less than 1 month

99
Q

What is Down syndrome?

A

trisomy 21 - individuals have an extra copy of chromosome 21 (a third copy)

100
Q

What is Spina bifida?

A

a condition that affects the spine and is usually apparent at birth. It can happen anywhere along the spine if the neural tube does not form properly or close all the way

101
Q

What is Huntington’s disease?

A

An inherited disease - Chromosome 4 is faulty

102
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

Is inherited affects the shape of the blood cell and make it look like a sickle, it can cause severe problems and lead to death

103
Q

What is Hemophilia?

A

When your blood doesn’t clot and stop your bleeding and is inherited

104
Q

What is Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder inherited in an autosomal recessive manner that impairs the normal clearance of mucus from the lungs, affects a protein in body (faulty protein)

105
Q

Cell Theory?

A

All living things are composed of one or more cells
Cells are he smallest unit of living organisms
New cells come from pre-existing cells by cell division

106
Q

In order to survive cells must…

A

Grow and reproduce

107
Q

Phases of meiosis

A

1- Prophase II
2- Metaphase II
3- Anaphase II
4- Telophase II

Biology (2 decks)

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