Genetics Flashcards
What are genes and how do they influence behaviour?
Genes are segments of DNA inherited from biological parents that carry the instructions for an organism’s development, functioning, and reproduction. They play a role in shaping behaviour by affecting brain and body functions, but interact with environmental factors to influence behaviour. (epigenetics = genes + environmenatl trigger)
Genotype - What you inherit
Phenotype - How its diplayed
What is the gene-environment interaction?
The gene-environment interaction is the idea that genetic predispositions and environmental factors work together to shape behaviour. While genes influence behaviours, environmental experiences can trigger or influence the expression of these genetic traits (epigentics)
What was the aim of Caspi’s research on the 5-HTT gene and depression?
Caspi aimed to investigate how the 5-HTT gene, which regulates serotonin, interacts with stressful life events to influence the development of depression.
How did Caspi measure the impact of the 5-HTT gene on depression?
Caspi divided participants based on their 5-HTT gene alleles (short or long), then measured their exposure to life stressors and depressive symptoms over time through surveys and genetic testing.
What were the findings of Caspi’s research on the 5-HTT gene and depression?
Caspi found that individuals with two short alleles of the 5-HTT gene were more likely to develop depression after stressful events. Those with long alleles were less affected. This suggests a gene-environment interaction in the development of depression.
What is genetic similarity, and why is it important in behavioural research?
Genetic similarity refers to the percentage of genetic material shared between individuals, such as between identical twins (100%) or siblings (50%). It is important in understanding how genetics influence behaviours, cognitive abilities, and susceptibility to mental health conditions.
What was the aim of Hamer’s research on genetics and sexual orientation?
Hamer aimed to investigate whether genetic markers on the X chromosome, particularly in the Xq28 region, are associated with male homosexuality.
How did Hamer study the genetic basis of sexual orientation?
Hamer conducted a genetic association study where gay and heterosexual men provided DNA samples. The researchers compared their genetic sequences, particularly on the X chromosome, to identify any markers associated with sexual orientation.
What did Hamer find in his research on the genetics of sexual orientation?
Hamer found a significant association between the Xq28 region on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation. Gay men were more likely to share certain genetic markers, suggesting a genetic component to sexual orientation, though environmental factors also likely play a role.
What is sexual selection and how does it relate to behaviour?
Sexual selection is the process by which traits that increase an individual’s chances of attracting a mate and reproducing are favored. These traits, such as physical attractiveness or dominance, may signal genetic fitness and enhance reproductive success.
What was Wedekind’s research on sexual selection and genetic compatibility?
Wedekind investigated whether women are attracted to the scent of men whose Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes are different from their own, as genetic diversity in immune genes is thought to be beneficial for offspring health.
How did Wedekind test the role of scent in sexual attraction?
Male participants wore T-shirts for several days to capture their natural body odour, which could contain pheromonal cues. Female participants then rated the attractiveness of the scents without knowing the purpose of the experiment.
What were the findings of Wedekind’s study on genetic compatibility and mate selection?
Wedekind found that women preferred the scent of men with different MHC genes from their own, suggesting that sexual attraction may be influenced by genetic compatibility, which could improve offspring health through increased immune diversity.
How do Wedekind’s findings support the theory of sexual selection?
Wedekind’s findings support sexual selection by showing that women subconsciously favor genetic diversity in potential mates, which could lead to healthier offspring. This highlights how sexual selection drives mate preferences based on genetic fitness.
