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Biology Grade 11 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

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2
Q

Prophase I

A

DNA coils & condenses into chromosomes which contain 2 sister chromatids

Nuclear membrane break down

Homologous chromosomes pair up together and form a tetrad (4 sister chromosomes side to side)

Homologous chromosomes can exchange sections of DNA, which we call Crossing Over.

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3
Q

Crossing Over

A

This is the process where the two homologous pairs of chromosomes mix their genes together to create a unique tetrad

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4
Q

Zygote

A

The unified cell between a sperm and egg cell after fertilization.

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5
Q

Metaphase I

A

Tetrads (paired homologous chromosomes) line up at the middle of the cell

They line up randomly which increases the genetic variation. This is called independent assortment.

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6
Q

Anaphase I

A

Homologous pairs are separated and pulled to opposite ends of the cells.

The centromere are NOT pulled apart

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7
Q

Telophase I and Cytokinesis

A

The nuclear membrane re-forms around chromosomes, which uncoil

Chromosomes are still composed of chromatids (still in an x-shape) but only half of the DNA is present in each daughter cell

Each cell has become a haploid and is not identical

The cleavage furrow forms and cytokinesis follows

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8
Q

Prophase II

A

No interphase occurs

Nuclear membrane disappears, DNA condenses

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9
Q

Metaphase II

A

spindle fibers pull chromosomes so they are lined up in the middle of the cell in single file.

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10
Q

Anaphase II

A

Centromeres divide

Chromatids come apart to migrate separately to each pole

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11
Q

Telophase II & cytokinesis

A

Daughter chromatids unwind into chromatin

Nuclear membrane reforms

Cytoplasm splits in cytokinesis

Four haploid daughter cells are formed

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12
Q

Deletion

A

a piece of a chromosome is deleted

ex: Cri du Chat

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13
Q

Duplication

A

a section of a chromosome appears two or more times in a row

ex: Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

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14
Q

Inversion

A

a section of a chromosome is inverted

ex: FG Syndrome

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15
Q

Translocation

A

a segment of one chromosome becomes attached to a different chromosome

ex: Chronic Myelogenous

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16
Q

Down Syndrome

A

extra chromosome on 21st pair (trisomy)

  • short height
  • deformed face
  • mental disabilities
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17
Q

Patau’s Syndrome

A

Extra chromosome on the 13th pair

  • physical abnormalities
  • Extra toes and fingers
  • Cyclopia
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18
Q

Edward’s syndrome

A

Extra chromosome on the 18th pair

  • Heart defects & kidney and CNS
  • Malformed ears
  • Small math
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19
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

Two x chromosomes and on y chromosomes

  • biological male at birth
20
Q

XXX Female

A

Three x chromsomes

21
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

one x chromosome

  • short height
22
Q

Synapsis

A

Connection of homologous chromosomes to form a tetrad

23
Q

Centromere

A

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

24
Q

Chromatin

A

a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms

25
Q

Chromosomes

A

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

26
Q

Sister chromatid

A

Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.

27
Q

Supercoil

A

A coil of coils; a circular molecule of DNA can coil upon itself to form a supercoil.

28
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

29
Q

Karyotype

A

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

30
Q

Mitosis

A

cell division for growth and repair of cells

31
Q

Interphase

A

Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases

G1 phase: When the cell grows

S phase: When DNA replicates

G2 phase: Synthesis occurs again

32
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle forms

33
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

34
Q

Anaphase

A

Phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

35
Q

Telophase

A

the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

36
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm

37
Q

Diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes

38
Q

Haploid

A

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes

39
Q

Independent assortment

A

Independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes

40
Q

Non disjunction

A

Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate.

41
Q

Gamete

A

sex cell

42
Q

Tetrad

A

structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis

43
Q

Cancer

A

any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division

44
Q

Malignant

A

Cancerous

45
Q

Benign

A

mild, not cancerous

Biology Grade 11 (2 decks)

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