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Cytogenetics > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Base pair
* Is the study of inherited traits, rooted in DNA, and their variations and transmission.
* Began with plant breeding experiments.

A

Genetics

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2
Q

• Transmission of traits and biological information between generations.
- from parents to offspring

A

HEREDITY

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3
Q
  • Obvious physical characteristics
  • Disease and risk of developing disease
  • Talents
  • Quirks
  • Personality traits
A

INHERITED TRAITS

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4
Q

May appear to be inherited if it affects several family members or environment

A

Personality traits

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5
Q
  • Function as the units of heredity in that copies of genes are passed from one generation to the next.
  • Are biochemical instructions that tell cells how to manufacture certain proteins.
  • Consists of DNA.
A

GENES

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6
Q

• Transmits information in its sequence of four types of building blocks -base pair (Adenine:Thymine, Cytosine:Guanine)
Functions like an Alphabet
Dna in nucleus

A

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)

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7
Q

Constituted by a complete set of genetic instructions and characteristics of an organism, including protein-coding genes and other DNA sequences.

A

GENOME

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8
Q

field that analyzes and compares genomes of different species

A

Genomics

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9
Q

• Tiny slice of the genome responsible for many aspects of health and our traits, including our differences. Part of the genome that encodes for protein.
- includes about 20,325 genes accounting to 85 percent pf the genome known to contribute to genetic disease
- Subset of genome

A

ЕХОМЕ

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10
Q

coding region

A

exons

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11
Q

Total exons of the genome

A

Exome

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12
Q

messenger RNA translated into amino acid sequences giving rise to functional proteins

A

Transcribe into MRNA

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13
Q

Exons-mRNA-amino acids sequences- functional proteins

A

Sequence

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14
Q

complete set of genetic instructions only consists of the coding genes DNA which is stored as genes or sequences of only consists of the coding genes

A

genome

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15
Q

DNA in a particular organism or species Is known as

A

genome

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16
Q

A subset of the genome which only consists of the coding genes of a particular organism is known as

A

exome

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17
Q

The genome is large, about 3,200,000,000 nucleotides.

A

Size

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18
Q

small, about 3 000 000 nucleotides (1% of the genome).

A

exome

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19
Q

composed of total DNA content including both coding and non-coding regions.

A

Genome

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20
Q

Exome contains only coding regions of the total DNA known as

A

exons

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21
Q

Simple methods such as Sanger sequencing can be used in sequencing the genome.

A

genome

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22
Q

Complex methods (mas maliit) which include reverse transcription of mature mRNA are required to sequence exome.

A

exome

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23
Q

unit of heredity that are passed from 1 generation
How to manufacture certain proteins, which impart or create most of our individuality

A

Genes

24
Q

transmits its information that functions as an Alphabet DNA found in nucleus
Components of DNA
Phosphate
Sugar - deoxyribose
Base pairs - A-T, CG Adenine:Thymine, Cytosine:Guanine

A

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid

25
Q
  1. Instructions and information from DNA
  2. Genes
  3. Chromosomes
  4. Genomes
  5. Individuals
  6. Families
  7. Populations
A

LEVELS OF GENETICS

26
Q

• Forensics
• Bioethics - address moral issues that would arise in medical technology
• Psychology
- History

A

Human Genetics

27
Q

sending samples of saliva or cheek cells that return and store DNA Data
• Pharmacogenomics

A

CONSUMER GENETICS

28
Q

• Forensics and Ancestry

A

GENETIC GENEALOGY

29
Q

Considers gene variants to predict whether a specific drug will be effective or cause side effects in an individual.

A

PHARMACOGENETICS

30
Q

ginagawa ng body sa drugs

A

Pharmacokinetics

31
Q

ginagawa ng drugs sa body

A

Pharmacodynamics

32
Q

• Adds, removes, or replaces specific genes.
- mutation or abnormal sa genes

A

GENOME EDITING

33
Q

Direct to consumer genetic setting

A

Pharmacogenomics

34
Q

People can respond diff to same drug that vary age, weight, liver and kidney function, behavior, other drugs, genetic differences
Dna brick walls right direction new
Dna answers that there are central anscedtral
Which branch of ancestry came down to me
Ex.
Unknown parentage, heritage, reunite biological, geographics
More people more matches
More testing to delve into discovery
Cytogenetics is one way to know yourself

A

Video

35
Q

CRISPR-Cas9 system - genome editing technology

Clustered, regularly, interspaced, short, palindromic, repeats

CRISPR system - part of prokaryotic adaptive immunit

adaptive immunity - immunity acquired from exposure to an antigen

spacers - bits of DNA that are foreign, originate from mobile genetic elements

CRISPR array — pre-crRNA— CRISPr associated nuclease protein

Cas9 - found in S. pyogenes

CHROMOSE - 23 pairs of somatic chromosomes

22 pairs of autosomes , 1 pair of sex chromosomes

females - XX

Males - XY

CELLS- approx. 37 trillion cells

all cells except RBCs contain entire genome

Stem cells are less specialized and provide a reserve supply of cells

Genetype - refers to alleles present

Phenotype - visible trait

Dominant - allele is expressed if the individual carries just one copy.

Recessive - allele must be present on both chromosomes of a pair

A

Notes

36
Q

universality of cell division as the central phenomenon in the reproduction of organisms was established

A

middle of the 19th century

37
Q

expressed it in the famous aphorism “Omnis cellula e cellula.” (all cells come from cells)

A

Virchow

38
Q

Heredity appears as a consequence of the genetic continuity of the cells by division.

A

Wilson

39
Q

Observations on the germ cells made by ______ gave support to the theory of the continuity of the germ plasm proposed by Weismann in 1883. This theory stated that the transference of hereditary factors from one generation to the next takes place through the continuity of what he called ‘germ plasm,’ located on the sex elements, and not through somatic cells.

A

van Beneden, Flemming, Strasburger, Boveri

40
Q

foreseen by O. Hertwig but observed directly by H. Fol (1879), and in plants, by Strasburger, led to the theory that the cell nucleus is the bearer of the physical basis of heredity.

A

discovery of fertilization in animals

41
Q

postulated that chromatin, the substance of the nucleus that constitutes the chromosome, must have a linear organization.

A

Roux

42
Q

stated that the hereditary units are disposed along the chromosomes in an orderly manner.

A

Weismann

43
Q

were discovered by Gregor Mendel: father of genetics) in 1865, but at that time cytologic changes produced in the sex cells were not sufficiently known to permit an interpretation of the independent segregation of hereditary characters.

A

fundamental laws of heredity

44
Q

until the botanists Correns, Tschermack, and De Vries in 1901 independently rediscovered Mendel’s laws.

A

Little attention was paid to Mendel’s work

45
Q

had observed that the cycle the chromosomes undergo in the meiosis of germ cells was related to hereditary phenomena.

A

cytologists

46
Q

experimental research on genetics and evolution

A

Bateson (1906)

47
Q

suggested that sex determination was related to some special chromosomes; this theory was later corroborated by Stevens and Wilson (1905).

A

McClung (1901-1902)

48
Q

finally established by Boveri and Baltzer, but it was Morgan and his collaborators, Sturtevant, and Bridges, who assigned to the genes (Johannsen), or hereditary units, definite loci within the chromosomes.

A

experimental demonstration of the chromosome theory of heredity

49
Q

Thereafter experimental research on heredity and evolution became a separate branch of biology, which Bateson in 1906 called

A

genetics

50
Q

From the convergence of cytology and genetics, ‘cytogenetics’ originated. In the past decades, the study of genetics has become linked to biochemistry and has reached the molecular level.

A

science of genetics maintained a close relationship with cytology

51
Q

study of chromosomes and the related disease states caused by abnormal chromosome number and/or structure.

A

CYTOGENETICS

52
Q

Is a convergence of two fields of science :
* CYTOLOGY - study of cells
* GENETICS- study of heredity

A

CYTOGENETICS

53
Q

Relationship between the transmission of genes from to offspring and the outcome of the offspring’s traits.

A

TRANSMISSION GENETICS

54
Q

Understand how the genetic material works at the molecular level.

A

MOLECULAR GENETICS

55
Q

Helps understand how processes such as natural selection have resulted in the prevalence of individuals that carry particular alleles.

A

POPULATION GENETICS

Cytogenetics (1 decks)

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