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Cytogenetics > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Base pair
* Is the study of inherited traits, rooted in DNA, and their variations and transmission.
* Began with plant breeding experiments.

A

Genetics

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2
Q

• Transmission of traits and biological information between generations.
- from parents to offspring

A

HEREDITY

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3
Q
  • Obvious physical characteristics
  • Disease and risk of developing disease
  • Talents
  • Quirks
  • Personality traits
A

INHERITED TRAITS

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4
Q

May appear to be inherited if it affects several family members or environment

A

Personality traits

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5
Q
  • Function as the units of heredity in that copies of genes are passed from one generation to the next.
  • Are biochemical instructions that tell cells how to manufacture certain proteins.
  • Consists of DNA.
A

GENES

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6
Q

• Transmits information in its sequence of four types of building blocks -base pair (Adenine:Thymine, Cytosine:Guanine)
Functions like an Alphabet
Dna in nucleus

A

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)

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7
Q

Constituted by a complete set of genetic instructions and characteristics of an organism, including protein-coding genes and other DNA sequences.

A

GENOME

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8
Q

field that analyzes and compares genomes of different species

A

Genomics

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9
Q

• Tiny slice of the genome responsible for many aspects of health and our traits, including our differences. Part of the genome that encodes for protein.
- includes about 20,325 genes accounting to 85 percent pf the genome known to contribute to genetic disease
- Subset of genome

A

ЕХОМЕ

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10
Q

coding region

A

exons

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11
Q

Total exons of the genome

A

Exome

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12
Q

messenger RNA translated into amino acid sequences giving rise to functional proteins

A

Transcribe into MRNA

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13
Q

Exons-mRNA-amino acids sequences- functional proteins

A

Sequence

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14
Q

complete set of genetic instructions only consists of the coding genes DNA which is stored as genes or sequences of only consists of the coding genes

A

genome

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15
Q

DNA in a particular organism or species Is known as

A

genome

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16
Q

A subset of the genome which only consists of the coding genes of a particular organism is known as

A

exome

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17
Q

The genome is large, about 3,200,000,000 nucleotides.

A

Size

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18
Q

small, about 3 000 000 nucleotides (1% of the genome).

A

exome

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19
Q

composed of total DNA content including both coding and non-coding regions.

A

Genome

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20
Q

Exome contains only coding regions of the total DNA known as

A

exons

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21
Q

Simple methods such as Sanger sequencing can be used in sequencing the genome.

A

genome

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22
Q

Complex methods (mas maliit) which include reverse transcription of mature mRNA are required to sequence exome.

A

exome

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23
Q

unit of heredity that are passed from 1 generation
How to manufacture certain proteins, which impart or create most of our individuality

24
Q

transmits its information that functions as an Alphabet DNA found in nucleus
Components of DNA
Phosphate
Sugar - deoxyribose
Base pairs - A-T, CG Adenine:Thymine, Cytosine:Guanine

A

DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid

25
1. Instructions and information from DNA 2. Genes 3. Chromosomes 4. Genomes 5. Individuals 6. Families 7. Populations
LEVELS OF GENETICS
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• Forensics • Bioethics - address moral issues that would arise in medical technology • Psychology - History
Human Genetics
27
sending samples of saliva or cheek cells that return and store DNA Data • Pharmacogenomics
CONSUMER GENETICS
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• Forensics and Ancestry
GENETIC GENEALOGY
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Considers gene variants to predict whether a specific drug will be effective or cause side effects in an individual.
PHARMACOGENETICS
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ginagawa ng body sa drugs
Pharmacokinetics
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ginagawa ng drugs sa body
Pharmacodynamics
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• Adds, removes, or replaces specific genes. - mutation or abnormal sa genes
GENOME EDITING
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Direct to consumer genetic setting
Pharmacogenomics
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People can respond diff to same drug that vary age, weight, liver and kidney function, behavior, other drugs, genetic differences Dna brick walls right direction new Dna answers that there are central anscedtral Which branch of ancestry came down to me Ex. Unknown parentage, heritage, reunite biological, geographics More people more matches More testing to delve into discovery Cytogenetics is one way to know yourself
Video
35
CRISPR-Cas9 system - genome editing technology Clustered, regularly, interspaced, short, palindromic, repeats CRISPR system - part of prokaryotic adaptive immunit adaptive immunity - immunity acquired from exposure to an antigen spacers - bits of DNA that are foreign, originate from mobile genetic elements CRISPR array --- pre-crRNA--- CRISPr associated nuclease protein Cas9 - found in S. pyogenes CHROMOSE - 23 pairs of somatic chromosomes 22 pairs of autosomes , 1 pair of sex chromosomes females - XX Males - XY CELLS- approx. 37 trillion cells all cells except RBCs contain entire genome Stem cells are less specialized and provide a reserve supply of cells Genetype - refers to alleles present Phenotype - visible trait Dominant - allele is expressed if the individual carries just one copy. Recessive - allele must be present on both chromosomes of a pair
Notes
36
universality of cell division as the central phenomenon in the reproduction of organisms was established
middle of the 19th century
37
expressed it in the famous aphorism "Omnis cellula e cellula." (all cells come from cells)
Virchow
38
Heredity appears as a consequence of the genetic continuity of the cells by division.
Wilson
39
Observations on the germ cells made by ______ gave support to the theory of the continuity of the germ plasm proposed by Weismann in 1883. This theory stated that the transference of hereditary factors from one generation to the next takes place through the continuity of what he called 'germ plasm,' located on the sex elements, and not through somatic cells.
van Beneden, Flemming, Strasburger, Boveri
40
foreseen by O. Hertwig but observed directly by H. Fol (1879), and in plants, by Strasburger, led to the theory that the cell nucleus is the bearer of the physical basis of heredity.
discovery of fertilization in animals
41
postulated that chromatin, the substance of the nucleus that constitutes the chromosome, must have a linear organization.
Roux
42
stated that the hereditary units are disposed along the chromosomes in an orderly manner.
Weismann
43
were discovered by Gregor Mendel: father of genetics) in 1865, but at that time cytologic changes produced in the sex cells were not sufficiently known to permit an interpretation of the independent segregation of hereditary characters.
fundamental laws of heredity
44
until the botanists Correns, Tschermack, and De Vries in 1901 independently rediscovered Mendel's laws.
Little attention was paid to Mendel's work
45
had observed that the cycle the chromosomes undergo in the meiosis of germ cells was related to hereditary phenomena.
cytologists
46
experimental research on genetics and evolution
Bateson (1906)
47
suggested that sex determination was related to some special chromosomes; this theory was later corroborated by Stevens and Wilson (1905).
McClung (1901-1902)
48
finally established by Boveri and Baltzer, but it was Morgan and his collaborators, Sturtevant, and Bridges, who assigned to the genes (Johannsen), or hereditary units, definite loci within the chromosomes.
experimental demonstration of the chromosome theory of heredity
49
Thereafter experimental research on heredity and evolution became a separate branch of biology, which Bateson in 1906 called
genetics
50
From the convergence of cytology and genetics, 'cytogenetics' originated. In the past decades, the study of genetics has become linked to biochemistry and has reached the molecular level.
science of genetics maintained a close relationship with cytology
51
study of chromosomes and the related disease states caused by abnormal chromosome number and/or structure.
CYTOGENETICS
52
Is a convergence of two fields of science : * CYTOLOGY - study of cells * GENETICS- study of heredity
CYTOGENETICS
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Relationship between the transmission of genes from to offspring and the outcome of the offspring's traits.
TRANSMISSION GENETICS
54
Understand how the genetic material works at the molecular level.
MOLECULAR GENETICS
55
Helps understand how processes such as natural selection have resulted in the prevalence of individuals that carry particular alleles.
POPULATION GENETICS

Cytogenetics (1 decks)

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