Genetics Flashcards
What is genetics?
The study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring
What is a trait?
-Determined by the genes on chromosomes
What is a gene?
Segment of DNA that determines traits
What is DNA?
-Deoxyribonucleic acid (you don’t need this)
-What makes species unique
-Found in the nucleus on chromosomes
-Has 2 strands that make up a double helix
Explain the structure of DNA
-4 base pairs bond together with hydrogen bonds
-Complimentary bases are:
Adenine with Thymine
Guanine with Cytosine
What are chromosomes?
-Structures found on the inside of a nucleus of a cell
-Made up of genes and proteins
-In each chromosome pair, one is inherited from the mother and one was inherited from the father
How many chromosomes does a typical human cell contain?
46 total (23 pairs)
-22 pairs of autosomes
-1 pair of sex chromosomes (Pair no. 23)
What chromosome pair is the sex chromosomes?
Pair number 23
-XX = females
-XY = males
Are humans diploid or haploid?
Diploid (2n)
Are the gametes (sex cells of a human) haploid or diploid? Explain why
Haploid (n), containing one homologous chromosome from each pair.
-When the sex cells fuse together during fertilisation, a complete diploid set is formed
What is a somatic cell?
Cells in the body (idek what this means)
Characteristics of a haploid cell?
-Single chromosomes
-Represented by n
-Gametes
-Created by meiosis
Characteristics of a diploid cell?
-Double chromosomes
-Represented by 2n
-Somatic cells
-Created by mitosis
What are the 2 types of cell division?
-Mitosis
-Meiosis
Explain mitosis
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-Produces two genetically identical ‘daughter cells’ from a single ‘parent cell’
-The daughter cell have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells with identical genes
Name some genetic disorders in humans that are caused by the genetic code being incorrect
-Cystic fibrosis
-Albinism
-Sickle cell anaemia
Explain meisosis
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-When one cell divides into four new cells
-A diploid cell turns into a haploid cell
-Haploid cells are gametes and have half the number of chromosomes
-Makes gametes capable of fusing with each other during sexual reproduction
(huh)
Explain an example of a genetically modified organism
Spider Goat
-gene transferred from spiders to goats
-Causes more protein in goat’s milk
-Milk spun into silk
-Silk used for wound covering (antiseptic), bulletproof, waterproof
Glofish
-Gene taken from jellyfish/coral and inserted into zebra fish
-Used to moderate levels of river pollution
