Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Bacteria and archaea
Lack a nucleus, one circular chromosome
No histones
70S ribosomes
No organelles
Peptidoglycan cell walls most bacteria (archaea cell walls are not PG)
Divide by binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Fungi, protozoa, algae, helminths
True nucleus, several linear chromosomes
Histones
80S ribosomes
Organelles
Divide by mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

DNA in eukaryotes

A

In eukaryotes, linear DNA is found in long strands with associated proteins and is found in the nucleus. It’s wound around histone proteins. DNA and the histones are coiled to form chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

DNA in prokaryotes

A

In cytoplasm. Shorter and circular. Supercoiled to fit into the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA which codes for polypeptides and RNA. There is a specific sequence of bases which code for particular polypeptides and RNA. Genes are found at a locus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Alleles

A

Diff versions of the same gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Homologous pairs

A

Pairs of chromosomes which contain the same genes at same locus but different alleles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A degenerate code

A

Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Genome

A

The complete set of genes in a cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Proteome

A

The full range of proteins which a cell is capable of producing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are exons?

A

Sections of DNA which code for amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are introns?

A

Sections which do not code for amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Does prokaryote DNA have introns?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Non-coding multiple repeats

A

Areas between genes in the genome that repeat over and over. Used in DNA fingerprinting.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is mRNA?

A

A copy of a gene your body wants to make a protein for. Made during transcription and taken to ribosomes to be decoded and make proteins. In mRNA 3 bases adjacent to eachother is called a triplet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Where is transcription in prokaryotes?

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is transcription in eukaryotes?

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Transcription

A

DNA helicase breaks h bonds between bases in DNA and causing it to unwind and separate into 2 strands and 1 strand acts as a template. RNA nucleotides attract to exposed bases by complementary base pairing.RNA polymerase joins RNA nucleotides together. Pre-mRNA spliced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What begins transcription?

A

Promoter sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What ends transcription?

A

Terminator sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is pre-mRNA?

A

MRNA containing introns and exons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is splicing?

A

Introns removed and exons are joined making mRNA. Takes place in nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Process of translation

A

MRNA attaches to ribosomes
TRNA anticodons bind to complementary mRNA codons
TRNA brings a specific amino acid
Amino acids join by peptide bonds with use of ATP
TRNA released
Ribosomes moves alone mRNA to form polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is genetic code?

A

DNA is made of a code which can be read by ribosomes to build polypeptides. Ribosome reads a triplet at the same time. Base triplets do not share bases so the code is non-overlapping.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a diploid?

A

2n.
All cells in the body except gametes. Cells have chromosome pairs. Each pairs are homologous pairs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Haploid

A

Only contains one of each of the homologous pair.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Meiosis

A

Type of cell division in eukaryotes that produces gametes. Cells start as a diploid to become a haploid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Prophase 1 (1st division)

A

Each DNA strand shortens and becomes a condensed chromosome. Is visible. 2n

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Prophase 1 continued

A

Each chromosome makes a copy of itself joined at the centromere.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Pairs of chromosomes line along the middle of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Anaphase 1

A

The pairs of chromosomes separate to opposite sides of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Telophase 1

A

Cell splits down the middle

33
Q

Prophase 2

A

New nuclear membranes form and now two haploid cells.

34
Q

Metaphase2

A

All chromosomes become arranged in a line down the middle of the cell.

35
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Sister chromatids separate at the centromere and move to the opposite sides of the cell.

36
Q

Telophase 2

A

Cell splits down the middle

37
Q

End of 2nd division

A

Two haploid cells have been made from one of the first division cells.

38
Q

What is crossing over?

A

In first division, chromatids from each chromosomes wind around eachother. Alleles can swap between chromosomes.

39
Q

Indépendant segregation

A

When chromosomes separate it is random which daughter cells get which chromosomes

40
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A sequence of DNA nucleotides are changed

41
Q

Deletion

A

One or more bases are deleted.
Will always produce a change in the sequence of amino acids as it will cause a shift in the triplets being read.

42
Q

Substitution

A

One base is substituted with another.
Not all will result in a diff amino acid (degenerative nature)

43
Q

Addition

A

One or more bases are added.

44
Q

Duplication

A

One or more bases is repeated

45
Q

Inversion

A

A sequence of bases is reversed

46
Q

Translocation

A

A sequence of bases is moved from one location in the genome to another in either the same chromosome or a different one.

47
Q

Consequences of mutations

A

could code for a diff amino acid and synthesise a different protein.

48
Q

Mutagenic agents

A

Increase the chances of mutations happening. Eg radiation or chemicals (benzene)
Can alter bases, act as a base or change the structure of DNA

49
Q

Chromosome non-disjunction

A

Chromosomes do not separate properly. Mutations can lead to inherited conditions.

50
Q

Genetic diversity

A

The number of different alleles for a characteristic within a population. A large number of diff alleles for a characteristic = high genetic diversity which is important as the population is more able to adapt to change in the environment and cope with disease.

51
Q

What increases genetic diversity?

A

Mutations and migration

52
Q

Genetic bottlenecks

A

Caused by an event which causes a dramatic reduction in population size so there are less alleles in the gene pool. Reduces genetic diversity. Survivors reproduce.

53
Q

Founder effect

A

A small number of individuals start a new population and there is only a small number of alleles to start the initial gene pool. The frequency of alleles in the new colony may be diff to the original one.

54
Q

Natural selection

A

Random mutations may occur within a population producing a new allele. If this allele is harmful it disappears quickly. Some mutations produce beneficial alleles eg better protein synthesis.

55
Q

What are examples of behavioral adaptations?

A

Mating rituals
Possums playing dead when threatened
Huddling when it is too hot or cold

56
Q

What are examples of physiological adaptations?

A

Processes happening inside an organisms body:
Hibernation
Antibiotics (some bacteria produce their own antibiotics to kill other species of bacteria).

57
Q

What are examples of anatomical adaptations?

A

Structure of an organism:
Blubber to keep them warm
Streamlining to help them catch prey or evade predators.

58
Q

2 types of natural selection

A

Directional selection and Stabilising selection

59
Q

Directional selection

A

When individuals in a population have alleles for an extreme characteristic which makes the more likely to survive and reproduce in response to environmental change.
Eg In a population of bacteria there may be individuals which are more resistant to a certain antibiotic then others in a population. If the population is exposed to that antibiotic then the non-resistant bacteria will die and leave only the resistant individuals to survive, reproduce and pass on the resistant allele.

60
Q

Stabilising selection

A

When individuals with alleles for characteristics in the middle range are more likely to survive and reproduce. Occurs when the environment is not changing so it reduces the range of characteristics.
Eg Human babies have a range of birth weights. Low birth weight babies struggle to maintain body temp as they have a high surface area to volume ratio. This puts pressure of their respiratory and cardiac systems and can be fatal. Large birth weight babies are more likely to die due to complications in birthing.

61
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The study of how organisms have evolved from other organisms. Tells us which species are related to which others and how closely related they are. A phylogenetic tree shows their relationships.

62
Q

Taxonomy

A

Putting organisms into groups and naming them based on the groups they are in.

63
Q

Taxa

A

8 levels of hierarchy and each level is a taxon

64
Q

Domains

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

65
Q

Binomial name

A

Genus + species

66
Q

Variation

A

The difference in alleles. Can be variation with and between species. Diff species have diff genes. Individuals within the same species have the same genes but diff alleles.

67
Q

Random sampling

A

Must represent whole population and ensures sample is not biased.

68
Q

Normal distribution

A

When values are spread around the mean symmetrically.

69
Q

Standard deviation

A

Tells you how much the set of data points range around the mean.

70
Q

Index of biodiversity formula

A

N(N-1)/sum of n(n-1)

N=total no of organisms of all species n=total number of organisms of one species

71
Q

Courtship

A

Specific to a particular and only members of that species will respond.
Closer related species have similar courtship behaviour.

72
Q

Simple courtship

A

Releasing chemicals eg male bumble bees release pheromones to attract females to the territory
Sound eg male deer roaring
Visual displays eg male birds puffing out their chests

73
Q

Complex courtship

A

Dancing eg blue footed babies do a complex dance to show their blue feet

Building eg bowerbirds construct elaborate nests

74
Q

Genome sequencing

A

Advances in mapping the genome means the entire base sequence for a species can be known. DNA sequence of one organism can be compared to the sequence of another organism.

75
Q

Amino acid sequencing

A

Proteins are made of amino acids which are coded in organism DNA. Related organisms have similar amino acid sequences and DNA.

76
Q

Immunological

A

Similar proteins will bind to the same proteins.

77
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of different organisms in an area

78
Q

Habitat

A

The place where an organism lives

79
Q

Community

A

All the populations of different species in an habitat.

Biology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions