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Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The passing on of characteristics from parent to offspring.

A

Hereditary

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2
Q

Visible characteristics

A

Traits

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3
Q

Segment of DNA that codes a trait

A

Gene

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4
Q

Alternate form of a gene

A

Allele

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5
Q

The two allele combination (AA Aa aa)

A

Genotype

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6
Q

Observable traits (Visible rep of genetic composition)

A

Phenotypes

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7
Q

Genetic trait that makes or prevents another trait from being expressed (AA) (Aa)

A

Dominant Allele

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8
Q

Genetic trait that is hidden or not expressed (aa)

A

Recessive Allele

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9
Q

Two of the same allele

A

Homozygous

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10
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two diffrent alleles

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11
Q

pair of alleles segregate from each other during meiosis cell division (gamete formation) so that only one allele will be present in each gamete.

A

Law of segregation

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12
Q

Dominant allele is expressed, recessive allele is hidden

A

Complete Dominance

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13
Q

Dominant allele does not completely hide the recessive allele, producing an intermediate phenotype

A

Incomplete Dominance

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14
Q

Both alleles are dominant and both are expressed

A

Codominance

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15
Q

Traits that are controlled by many genes

A

Polygenic

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16
Q

Genes for a disease found on the X chromosome (Since there’s barely any on the Y chromosome)

A

Sex-linked disorders

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17
Q

Only gives X chromosome to child

A

Mother

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18
Q

Will donate either X or Y chromosome, gender is determined by ___ sperm

A

Dads

19
Q

Sex Linked RECESSESIVE disorders

A

Red-green colorblindness,
Hemophilia,
Ducehennes muscular dystrophy- muscle degeneration

20
Q

Genetic disorders are found on

A

One of 44 autosomes

21
Q

Genome

A

Complete set of genes in the chromosomes of Homo sapiens

22
Q

Analysis of DNA from sample of body tissues or fluids

Used by forensics to identify individuals at crime scenes

A

Genetic fingerprinting

23
Q

DNA has a ___ charge

A

Negative

24
Q

Smaller fragments travel

A

Furthest

25
Q

Larger fragments travel

A

The least

26
Q

Restriction enzyme

A

Used to cut DNA into different sizes

27
Q

DNA is placed into a “well” within a

A

Gel plate

28
Q

Cut DNA is run through a machine called

A

Gel electrophoresis

29
Q

Repeats in DNA are called

A

Mini-satellite

30
Q

Children will receive ___ of DNA from each parent

A

50%

31
Q

Technology that involves inserting DNA into the genome of an organism

A

Genetic Modification

32
Q

PCR

A

Is used to amplify a sample of DNA

33
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

Used to indicate parternity or solve crimes

34
Q

Human Genome Project

A

The 13 year effort to sequence genes in DNA

35
Q

Genetic modification

A

Technology that involves inserting DNA into the genome of an organism

36
Q

CRISPR cas 9

A

Genetic engineering tool that uses a protein to edit the base pair of a gene

     — allows for essential genes that are mutated to be fixed

(Originally found in bacteria cells in 2012)

37
Q

Mutation

A

A mutation is a permanent change in DNA sequence of a gene

— Can alter amino acids sequence of protein encoded by the gene

38
Q

Gene mutation

A

SMALL SCALE: one gene is affected

— any change to the DNA sequence of a gene

39
Q

Chromosomal Mutation

A

Any change in structure or number of chromosomes

LARGE SCALE: affects many genes

40
Q

Point mutation

A

Affects one nucleotide because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence and substitutes one nucleotide for another

41
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Code for a stop codon which produces a nonfunctional protein

42
Q

Missense mutations

A

Code for different amino acids which alter the protein

43
Q

Framshift mutations

A

Inserting an extra nucleotide, which shifts the “reading frame” of the genetic message

Biology (3 decks)

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