Genetics Flashcards
The passing on of characteristics from parent to offspring.
Hereditary
Visible characteristics
Traits
Segment of DNA that codes a trait
Gene
Alternate form of a gene
Allele
The two allele combination (AA Aa aa)
Genotype
Observable traits (Visible rep of genetic composition)
Phenotypes
Genetic trait that makes or prevents another trait from being expressed (AA) (Aa)
Dominant Allele
Genetic trait that is hidden or not expressed (aa)
Recessive Allele
Two of the same allele
Homozygous
Heterozygous
Two diffrent alleles
pair of alleles segregate from each other during meiosis cell division (gamete formation) so that only one allele will be present in each gamete.
Law of segregation
Dominant allele is expressed, recessive allele is hidden
Complete Dominance
Dominant allele does not completely hide the recessive allele, producing an intermediate phenotype
Incomplete Dominance
Both alleles are dominant and both are expressed
Codominance
Traits that are controlled by many genes
Polygenic
Genes for a disease found on the X chromosome (Since there’s barely any on the Y chromosome)
Sex-linked disorders
Only gives X chromosome to child
Mother
Will donate either X or Y chromosome, gender is determined by ___ sperm
Dads
Sex Linked RECESSESIVE disorders
Red-green colorblindness,
Hemophilia,
Ducehennes muscular dystrophy- muscle degeneration
Genetic disorders are found on
One of 44 autosomes
Genome
Complete set of genes in the chromosomes of Homo sapiens
Analysis of DNA from sample of body tissues or fluids
Used by forensics to identify individuals at crime scenes
Genetic fingerprinting
DNA has a ___ charge
Negative
Smaller fragments travel
Furthest
Larger fragments travel
The least
Restriction enzyme
Used to cut DNA into different sizes
DNA is placed into a “well” within a
Gel plate
Cut DNA is run through a machine called
Gel electrophoresis
Repeats in DNA are called
Mini-satellite
Children will receive ___ of DNA from each parent
50%
Technology that involves inserting DNA into the genome of an organism
Genetic Modification
PCR
Is used to amplify a sample of DNA
DNA fingerprinting
Used to indicate parternity or solve crimes
Human Genome Project
The 13 year effort to sequence genes in DNA
Genetic modification
Technology that involves inserting DNA into the genome of an organism
CRISPR cas 9
Genetic engineering tool that uses a protein to edit the base pair of a gene
— allows for essential genes that are mutated to be fixed
(Originally found in bacteria cells in 2012)
Mutation
A mutation is a permanent change in DNA sequence of a gene
— Can alter amino acids sequence of protein encoded by the gene
Gene mutation
SMALL SCALE: one gene is affected
— any change to the DNA sequence of a gene
Chromosomal Mutation
Any change in structure or number of chromosomes
LARGE SCALE: affects many genes
Point mutation
Affects one nucleotide because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence and substitutes one nucleotide for another
Nonsense mutation
Code for a stop codon which produces a nonfunctional protein
Missense mutations
Code for different amino acids which alter the protein
Framshift mutations
Inserting an extra nucleotide, which shifts the “reading frame” of the genetic message
