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Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA

A

A double helix made of nucleotides, the molecule that determines the genetic characteristics of most living things

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2
Q

Chromosome

A

Thread-like structures in the nucleus composed of DNA and proteins, contains the genetic information in the form of genes

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3
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that carries the genetic code for a particular characteristic

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4
Q

Alleles

A

Different forms of the same gene

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5
Q

Nucleotide

A

The building blocks of DNA. Contains a sugar, phosphate and a base - Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine

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6
Q

Adenine

A

Nitrogen rich base, forms pair with Thymine

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7
Q

Thymine

A

Nitrogen rich base, forms pair with Adenine

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8
Q

Guanine

A

Nitrogen rich base, forms pair with Cytosine

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9
Q

Cytosine

A

Nitrogen rich base, forms pair with Guanine

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10
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division for growth and repair. Produces 2 identical daughter cells to the parent

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11
Q

Interphase

A

Has 3 stages - G1, S and G2. G1 is cell growth, S is DNA replication, and G2 is the cell preparing for cell division. A cell spends most of its time in G1

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12
Q

Prophase

A

First part of Mitosis. The nucleus disappears and the chromosomes condense

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13
Q

Metaphase

A

Second part of Mitosis. The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

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14
Q

Anaphase

A

Third part of Mitosis. The duplicated chromosomes split and the sister chromatids are pulled away from each other.

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15
Q

Telophase

A

Last part of Mitosis. The cell begins to split, nucleus starts to reform and the chromosomes start to unwind.

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16
Q

Cytokenesis

A

2 identical daughter cells are produced that are identical to their parent.

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17
Q

Sister chromatid

A

A duplicated chromosome

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18
Q

Meiosis

A

Type of cell division that produces sex cells for sexual reproduction. Results in 4 haploid daughter cells.

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19
Q

Gamete

A

Sperm and egg cells

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20
Q

Fertilization

A

When a sperm and egg combine to make an offspring

21
Q

Zygote

A

The cell formed by fusion of the two gametes

22
Q

Phenotype

A

The characteristic that we observe

23
Q

Genotype

A

The combination of alleles

24
Q

Dominant

A

The trait that you see when either type of allele is present

25
Q

Recessive

A

The trait you see only when both alleles are the same

26
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

When both alleles are dominant so both are expressed in the heterozygous phenotype. Results in a smooth blend.

27
Q

Codominance

A

When both alleles are dominant so both are expressed in the heterozygous phenotype. Results in a spotty blend.

28
Q

Purebreed

A

Another word for homozygous

29
Q

Hybrid

A

Another word for heterozygous

30
Q

Carrier

A

Someone who is heterozygous with traits that are recessive. Someone who can pass on a trait without displaying it

31
Q

Pedigree

A

O = female
◻ = male
● = affected female
◼ = affected male
▣ = male carrier
◻-O = couple
◻-O = non identical twins
O-O = identical twins

32
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

An affected individual must have an affected parent

33
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

Affects O and ◻ equally and skips a generation

34
Q

X-linked dominant

A

Affected males must have an affected mother and an affected father will pass the condition on to all daughters

35
Q

X-linked recessive

A

Affected females must have an affected father. Males can be affected if neither parent has condition.

36
Q

Haploid

A

1 set of chromosomes, 23 chromosomes. Usually a gamete.

37
Q

Diploid - D means 2

A

2 sets of chromosomes, 23 pairs of chromosomes so 46. Usually a normal cell.

38
Q

Autosomal

A

Any inheritance with your autosomal chromosomes

39
Q

X-linked

A

Disorder on sex chromosome. Males cannot be carriers.

40
Q

Heterozygous

A

Different alleles

41
Q

Homozygous

A

Same alleles

42
Q

Karyotype

A

Visual representation of the complete set of chromosomes in a cell in order of size from largest to smallest. Is numbered; 1 is the largest. There are 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 1 part of sex chromosomes.

43
Q

Autosome

A

One of the numbered chromosome in a karyotype.

44
Q

“A” homozygous blood type

A

AA alelle

45
Q

“A” heterozygous blood type

A

Ai allele

46
Q

“B” homozygous blood type

A

BB allele

47
Q

“B” heterozygous blood type

A

Bi allele

48
Q

“O” homozygous blood type

A

ii allele - O is recessive

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