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Yr 12 Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genome

A

All the genetic material of an organism

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2
Q

Chromosome

A

Made up of DNA. Sections of a chromosomes are called genes

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3
Q

Gene

A

Section of chromosome that codes for a characteristic

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4
Q

Allele

A

Different forms of the same gene e.g. Gene for eye colour - alleles may be brown, blue, green

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5
Q

DNA

A

Made up of nucelotides - which contain a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group and a base

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6
Q

Bases found in DNA

A

A (adenine)
T (Thymine)
C (Cytosine)
G (Guanine)

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7
Q

Which bases form base pairs with each other

A

A with T
C with G

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8
Q

Name of the shape of a DNA molecule

A

Double Helix

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9
Q

Antiparallel strands

A

The two strands of DNA run in opposite direction to each other

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10
Q

What does DNA code for

A

A protein

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11
Q

What is the triplet code

A

The order of 3 bases that code for a particular amino acid

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12
Q

If a gene is made up of 60 bases on the coding strand, how many amino acids is this protein made up of

A

3 bases = 1 amino acid
60 bases = 20 amino acids
the protein that this gene codes for is made up of 20 amino acids

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13
Q

If a protein is made up of 15 amino acids. What is the minimum number of bases required in the gene that codes for this protein

A

3 bases = 1 amino acid
This protein has 15 amino acid so
15 x 3 bases = 45 bases required

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of cell division

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

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15
Q

Which cell division produces cells that are genetically identical

A

Mitosis

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16
Q

Which cell division produces cells that are genetically different

A

Meiosis

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17
Q

What is mitosis used for

A

Growth
Replace worn out cells
Repair damaged tissues
Asexual reproduction

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18
Q

What is meiosis used for

A

Producing sex cells - gametes

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19
Q

Before cell division occurs what happens to the number of chromosomes

A

The number doubles - the chromosomes make a copy of themselves before division

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20
Q

In mitosis describe what happens

A

The chromosomes duplicate themselves (e.g. go from 46 chromosomes to 92 chromosomes)
The cell divides in 1 division
Produces 2 diploid daughter cells (each containing 46 chromosomes)
All genetically identical to parent cell and each other

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21
Q

Describe what happens during meiosis

A

The chromosomes duplicate themselves (e.g. go from 46 chromosomes to 92 chromosomes)
The cell divides twice - 2 divisions
Produces 4 haploid daughter cells (each containing 23 chromosomes)
All genetically different

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22
Q

As meiosis halves the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells, what is the term used to describe this type of division

A

Reduction Division

23
Q

During meiosis variation arises due to the different possible chromosome combinations that can be formed. What is this known as

A

Independent assortment

24
Q

Haploid

A

Half the chromosome number (23 individual chromsomes in humans)
Found in gametes

25
Q

Diploid

A

Normal number (23 pairs of chromosomes in humans)
Normal cells are diploid

26
Q

Dominant allele

A

An allele that will code for a characteristic even when only one is present.
Represented as capital letter e.g B

27
Q

Recessive allele

A

An allele that will control development of a characteristic ONLY if both alleles are recessive
Represented in lower case e.g bb

28
Q

Heterozygous

A

Both alleles are different e.g. Bb

29
Q

Homozygous

A

Both alleles are the same e.g. homozygous dominant BB or homozygous recessive bb

30
Q

Genotype

A

The genetic make up of individual for a characteristic e.g. Bb

31
Q

Phenotype

A

The physical feature that the genotype codes for e.g. brown eyes

32
Q

Test cross

A

To find out if an organism that has the dominant characteristic is homozygous dominant or heterozygous
Will cross with a homozygous recessive

33
Q

Describe the outcome of the test cross

A

If parent homozygous dominant all offspring display dominant characteristic as are all heterozygous
If parent is heterozygous then half will have the dominant characteristic and half will display recessive characteristic

34
Q

Sex chromosomes of male

A

XY

35
Q

Sex chromosomes of female

A

XX

36
Q

Chance of having a girl

A

50% - half sperm are X and half are Y
All eggs are X

37
Q

Pedigree diagram

A

A family tree used to show how genetic conditions are inherited in a family

38
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Caused by recessive allele
To have condition must be homozygous recessive (cc)
if parents are carriers they are heterozygous (Cc) and have 25% chance of having a child with Cystic Fibrosis

39
Q

Huntingtons Disease

A

Caused by dominant allele (H)
Symptoms only display in middle age so may have passed on to offspring
Parent could be heterozygous (Hh) or homozygous dominant (HH)

40
Q

Down’s Syndrome

A

Chromosome mutation
Have extra chromosome on pair 21
Have 47 chromosomes instead of 46

41
Q

Karyotype

A

A diagram that lays out all the chromosomes pairs in an individual - used to help identify sex of person and if they have down syndrome

42
Q

Punnett Square

A

used to conduct a genetic cross

43
Q

Haemophila

A

Sex linked condition - found on the X chromosome
More common in males as they only inherit one X chromosome

44
Q

Genetic screening

A

Used to identify the presence of genetic condition in an individual

45
Q

Amniocentesis

A

Used to test for Down Syndrome
Involves removal of some amniotic fluid (includes foetal cells)
Grow in lab
examine chromosomes to identify if individual has down syndrome

46
Q

Concerns with amniocentesis and genetic screening

A

Amniocentesis has risk of miscarriage
Ethical issues - if diagnosed with genetic condition - abortion, right to life, religious beliefs
will child need extra medical needs/costs

47
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Changing the genetic make up of an organism by incoporating DNA from a different organism

48
Q

How is DNA cut out of a human gene

A

Using restriction enzyme

49
Q

Describe how are bacteria involved in genetic engineering to produce human insulin

A

Restriction enzyme cuts gene out of human chromosome
SAME restriction enzyme cuts open plasmid
Gene is inserted into plasmid
Genetically modified plasmid placed inside bacteria
Bacteria allowed to multiply in a bioreactor/fermenter
Bacteria start producing human insulin

50
Q

What happens in Downstream Processing

A

To obtain a pure sample of insulin from the bioreactor the following 3 steps are involved:
Extraction (of insulin mixture from bioreactor)
Purification (to remove debris and bacteria from mixture so only insulin present)
Packaging (bottle the insulin to distribute to patients)

51
Q

Function of paddle stirrers in bioreactor

A

To keep the mixture of bacteria and food solution mixing and prevent the bacteria settling at bottom of reactor

52
Q

Why is there a cooling jacket around a bioreactor

A

To help control the temperature- bacteria respire and release heat energy. If temperature increases too much the enzymes denature and bacteria die. Cooling jacket removes this heat energy

53
Q

What will the computer probes monitor in the bioreactor

A

pH, Temperature, Oxygen levels, nutrient levels (possible examples)

Yr 12 Biology (1 decks)

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