Genetics Flashcards
A branch of biology that deals with the principles of heredity and the variation in all living things.
Genetics
In ____ Gregor Mendel discovered that hereditary characteristics were determined by genes.
1866
Applications of Genetics
- Plant and Animal Improvement
- Medicine
- Genetic counselling
- Legal applications
- Genetic engineering
The Father of Genetics
Gregor Johann Mendel
Provides the cell’s energy through respiration and oxidation, known as the “Powerhouse” of the cell.
Mitochondria
Collect, package, and distribute proteins synthesized at one location in the cell to be utilized at another location.
Golgi apparatus
Free floating particles (sometimes attached in ER) that are sites of protein synthesis.
Ribosomes
Membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes.
Lysosomes
Stores water, nutrients, and waste products.
Vacuole
The “control center” of the cell where genetic material is stored.
Nucleus
Sites of photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
Serves as passageways that transport proteins from the nucleus; aids in protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Is a stiff non-living wall that surrounds the cell membrane
made of cellulose
Cell wall
A type of cell division wherein the parent cell produces two identical cells (diploid).
Mitosis
Jelly-like material surrounding the organelle
Cytoplasm
A type of cell division wherein the parent cell produces two identical cells.
Mitosis
This process only occurs in somatic cells (body cells), where it contributes to the growth and replacement of worn-out cells of an organism.
Mitosis
DNA is replicated and the cell prepares for cell division.
Interphase
The replicated DNA condense into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane disintegrates.
Prophase
The chromosomes align at the equator, the spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes, and attach to each chromatid.
Metaphase
The spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart to opposing sides.
Anaphase
The nuclear membrane reappears, the chromosomes uncoil, the spindle fibers disappear, and a cleavage forms.
Telophase
A part of the cell division process during which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into two daughter cells.
Cytokinesis
A specialized type of cell division wherein it only occurs in gametes and produces 4 haploid granddaughter cells.
Meiosis
In meiosis, DNA condenses into chromosomes, the nuclear membrane dissolves, the chromosomes pair up, and recombination occurs.
Prophase I
In meiosis, homologue pairs align at the equator for separation.
Metaphase I
The spindle fibers pull the homologues apart to the opposite poles.
Anaphase I
The nuclear membrane reappears the chromosomes uncoil, the spindle fibers disappear, a cleavage forms, and cytokinesis follows shortly thus, producing 2 unique/haploid cells.
Telophase I
Similar to its mitotic counterpart, except it has half the chromosome number. The chromosomes appear as double structures. The nucleus disintegrates.
Prophase II
Two new spindle fibers are formed; the chromosomes align at the equatorial plate of their respective spindles.
Metaphase II
The sister chromatids move to the opposite poles. The chromosomes at this stage are more like the chromosomes in their mitotic counterparts.
Anaphase II
The DNA uncoils, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear, and the spindle fibers disappear. Each of the four daughter cells is haploid.
Telophase II
The process by which one cell physically separates into two daughter cells at the end of each division cycle.
Cytokinesis
