Genetics Flashcards
Describe the steps involved in Mitosis
interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis
Define Diploid and Haploid.
diploid- the number of chromosomes in somatic cells (symbol=2n)
haploid- the number of chromosomes in gametes (symbol=n)
Create a table describing the similarities and differences between Meiosis and Mitosis.
number of cell divisions- mitosis: 1 meiosis:2 number of daughter cells formed- mitosis:2 meiosis:4 are daughter cells diploid or haploid- mitosis: diploid meiosis: haploid processed used for mitosis: growth to replace cells and asexual reproduction meiosis: cells for sexual reproduction genetically identical: mitosis: yes meiosis: no
Describe the steps involved in Meiosis
stage 1 Interphase Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1 Telophase 1 Stage 2: Same process as mitosis
Describe the role of a gamete in sexual reproduction.
- to carry out fertilization in sexually reproducible organisms
- to fuse with a gamete from the opposite sex and form a single cell (a zygote) that initiates the development of a new organism and the next generation.
Describe the difference between Complete, Incomplete and Co-Dominance.
in complete dominance, only one allele in the genotype is seen in the phenotype. In codominance, both alleles in the genotype are seen in the phenotype. In incomplete dominance, a mixture of the alleles in the genotype is seen in the phenotype.
Black fur is dominant to white fur in a certain breed of Mongoose. How would you determine the
genotype of a Black Furred mongoose?
a Punnett square
Describe the possible Phenotypes involved in the ABO Blood System.
AA, AO, BB, BO, AB, OO
Describe the ABO blood system.
i.) Describe its mode of inheritance.
the ABO blood type is inherited in an autosomal codominant fashion
Describe the Alleles involved (A, B and O). Which allele acts as a “recessive” allele?
the A and B alleles are codominant, and the O allele is recessive.
Differentiate between genetic and environmental impacts on phenotypes.
genetic variation is the variation of the genotype between two individuals within the same species whereas environmental variation is the dependence of the phenotype upon the environmental factors.
Two red flowers are crossed with each other and produce a white flower. What does this say about
the genotypes of both red flowers?
what is transcription?
where does it occur?
what are the main enzymes involved?
what is the outcome of transcription?
is the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA. transcription occurs in the nucleus. the main enzymes involved are RNA polymerase the DNA sequence is transcribed to make an RNA molecule.
what is translation?
where does it occur?
how does it work?
translation (making protein from an mRNA sequence). occurs in the ribosome. the amino acids are brought together to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA). the main enzymes involved are peptidyl transfers.
what is replication?
the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules. replication takes place in the nucleus. the main enzymes involved are helicase and RNA ploymerase.
what does a square and circle stand for in a pedigree chart?
square= male circle= female
what does it mean if a shape is shaded in a pedigree chart?
it means the person is affected
what does it mean in a pedigree chart if the shape is half shaded or a dot.
it means the person is a carrier ( a carrier is always homozygous)
what are 3 differences between DNA and RNA
- RNA is single stranded where DNA is double stranded
- RNA contains urasile where DNA contains thymine.
- The sugar in RNA is ribose instead of deoxyribose in DNA.
what are hydrogen bonds?
hold complementary strands of DNA together and they are responsible for determining the 3 dimensional structure of folded proteins including enzymes and antibodies.
what is semi-conservative
it is a DNA replication process because when a new double stranded DNA molecule is formed so one strand will be from the original molecule and one strand will be newly synthesized.
