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BI 211 Genetics > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Gene

A

basic unit of hereditary

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2
Q

Chromosome

A

condensed DNA

proteins that provide organized structure

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3
Q

Homologs

A

same number of chromosome, but one is maternal and one is paternal

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4
Q

Alleles

A

variation of a gene

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5
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

replicated chromosomes (identical)

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6
Q

Bivalent

A

means a tetrad or a dyad

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7
Q

Character

A

a category of a phenotype

example: hair color

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8
Q

Trait

A

expressed variation of a character

example: black hair

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9
Q

What are the four large molecules?

A

nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

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10
Q

What is the difference between a chromosome and sister chromatids?

A

chromosomes are condensed DNA and are a dyad

sister chromatids are monads that are genetically identical up until they cross over

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11
Q

Which are identical: Homologous Chromosomes, Sister Chromatids, or Both?

A

sister chromosomes are identical because they were replicated from a single chromosome

homologous chromosomes are not identical because even though they code for the same gene they have different alleles

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12
Q

Proteome

A

the entire collection of proteins that a cell makes at a given time

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13
Q

enzymes

A

accelerate chemical reactions

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14
Q

Morphological Traits

A

the traits that affect the appearance, form, and structure of an organism

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15
Q

Physiological Traits

A

traits that affect the ability of an organism to function

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16
Q

Behavioral Traits

A

traits that affect how an organism responds to the environment

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17
Q

Alleles

A

alternative versions of a specific gene

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18
Q

Prophase I

Leptotene

A

chromosomes condense

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19
Q

Prophase I

Zygotetene

A

synaptonemal complex forms

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20
Q

Prophase I

Pachytene

A

a bivalent is formed and crossing over occurs

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21
Q

Prophase I

Diplotetene

A

synaptonemal complex disassociates

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22
Q

Prophase I

Diakinesis

A

bivalent is attached as it prepares for metaphase I

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23
Q

What is the synaptonemal complex?

A

holds homologs together during crossing over

the chromosomes are tied together in random places where they exchange genetic material

crossing over begins in the zygotene stage, occurs in the pachytene stage, and disassociates in the diplotene stage

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24
Q

Are homologous chromosomes identical at the end of diakinesis?

A

no, crossing over produces different chromosomes that are no longer the same

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25
Q

What is produced at the end of Meiosis II?

A

four haploid cells

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26
Q

What is the difference between independent assortment and segregation?

A

In the law of segregation, the bivalents line up during metaphase I, one dyad goes to one side and the other one goes to the other side.

In independent assortment, it is stating that each homologous pair randomly is situated for each side to go to their own side.

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27
Q

What is expressed at the molecular level?

A

gene expression

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28
Q

What is expressed at the cellular level?

A

protein function

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29
Q

What is expressed at the organism level?

A

traits are observed

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30
Q

What is expressed at the population level?

A

alleles and traits within a particular species can be observed

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31
Q

Transcription

A

DNA —> RNA

32
Q

Translation

A

RNA —> Protein

33
Q

Genetic Variation

A

differences in inherited traits among individuals within a population

34
Q

Aneuploidy

A

single chromosomes (within a set) may be lost or gained

35
Q

Polyploidy

A

additional whole set of chromosomes may be inherited

36
Q

What is transmission genetics?

A

inheritance pattern of traits

37
Q

What is molecular genetics?

A

examines the physical pattern and organization of genetic material

38
Q

What is population genetics?

A

examines genetic variations within and between different populations

39
Q

Genome

A

the DNA found within all of our chromosomes

40
Q

How many chromosomes does a sperm cell have?

A

23 chromosomes

41
Q

Variation in the traits of organisms may be attributable to what?

A

gene mutations
alterations in chromosome structure
variation in chromosome number

42
Q

How many autosomes do humans have?

A

22 chromosomes maternal
22 chromosomes paternal

44 altogether and 2 sex chromosomes

43
Q

What is the functional product of most genes?

A

a polypeptide

44
Q

What constituents a cell’s proteome?

A

an enzyme
cytoskeletal proteins
a transport protein in the plasma membrane

45
Q

Sex Linked

A

genes that are found on one of the two types of sex chromosomes but not on both

46
Q

Heterogametic?

A

males contain one X and one Y chromosome

47
Q

Homogametic

A

females contain two X chromosomes

48
Q

What are isogamous species? (eukaryotic)

A

they produce haploid (1n) gametes that are morphologically similar

example: fungi and algae

49
Q

What are heterogamous species? (eukaryotic)

A

they produce haploid (1n) gametes that are morphologically different

sperm: small and moblie
egg: large and nonmobile

50
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

binary fission

bacterial daughter cells divide into two daughter cells, identical

51
Q

Gametophyte

A

haploid

52
Q

Sporophyte

A

diploid

53
Q

How are spores formed?

A

through meiosis

54
Q

Genes on both the X and Y chromosome are inherited in which way?

A

pseudoautosomal

55
Q

What is double fertilization?

A

the first sperm fertilizes the central cell which has two nuclei to produce the endosperm

the second different sperm fertilizes the egg to form the ova

56
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

production of sperm (meiotic process)

57
Q

What happens to spermatogonium?

A

one is a primary spermatocyte (goes through Meiosis I and II)
the second remains a spermatogonial cell

58
Q

Oogenesis

A

production of egg cells (meiosis)

59
Q

What is the correct order for Mitosis?

A

G1, S, G2, M

G= gap
S= synthesis
60
Q

What happens during the S phase of Mitosis?

A

DNA replication produces pairs of sister chromatids

61
Q

What is found in prokaryotic cells?

A 
membrane
cell wall
plasma membrane
nucleoid
ribosomes in cytoplasm
flagellum
62
Q

What is found in eukaryotic cells?

A 
microfilament
golgi body
nuclear envelope
nucleolus
chromosomal DNA
nucleus
etc...
63
Q

Homozygous

A

individual with two identical alleles

64
Q

Heterozygous

A

individual with two different alleles

65
Q

Genotype

A

specific allelic composition of an individual

66
Q

Phenotype

A

outward appearance of an individual

67
Q

Hybridization

A

mating or crossing between two individuals that have different characteristics

68
Q

Hybrids

A

the offspring that results from hybridizaton

69
Q

Pedigree analysis

A

determine patterns of inheritance in humans and other organisms

  1. ) human disease traits
  2. ) domestic animals
  3. ) zoo populations
70
Q

Probability Equation?

A

number of times an event occurs / total number of possible events

71
Q

Sampling Error?

A

sampling error is large for small samples

sampling error is small for large samples

72
Q

Nonessential Genes

A

genes that are not absolutely required for survival

73
Q

Essential Genes

A

genes that are required for survival

74
Q

Lethal Allele

A

allele that has the potential to cause the death of an organism

75
Q

Senescent Gene

A

lethal alleles that exert their effect later in life

ex: Huntington Disease

76
Q

Expressivity

A

degree to which a trait is expressed

77
Q

Environmental effect

A

environmental conditions that may have a great impact on the phenotype of the individual

BI 211 Genetics (1 decks)

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