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BI 211 Genetics > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Gene

A

basic unit of hereditary

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2
Q

Chromosome

A

condensed DNA

proteins that provide organized structure

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3
Q

Homologs

A

same number of chromosome, but one is maternal and one is paternal

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4
Q

Alleles

A

variation of a gene

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5
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

replicated chromosomes (identical)

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6
Q

Bivalent

A

means a tetrad or a dyad

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7
Q

Character

A

a category of a phenotype

example: hair color

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8
Q

Trait

A

expressed variation of a character

example: black hair

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9
Q

What are the four large molecules?

A

nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids

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10
Q

What is the difference between a chromosome and sister chromatids?

A

chromosomes are condensed DNA and are a dyad

sister chromatids are monads that are genetically identical up until they cross over

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11
Q

Which are identical: Homologous Chromosomes, Sister Chromatids, or Both?

A

sister chromosomes are identical because they were replicated from a single chromosome

homologous chromosomes are not identical because even though they code for the same gene they have different alleles

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12
Q

Proteome

A

the entire collection of proteins that a cell makes at a given time

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13
Q

enzymes

A

accelerate chemical reactions

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14
Q

Morphological Traits

A

the traits that affect the appearance, form, and structure of an organism

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15
Q

Physiological Traits

A

traits that affect the ability of an organism to function

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16
Q

Behavioral Traits

A

traits that affect how an organism responds to the environment

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17
Q

Alleles

A

alternative versions of a specific gene

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18
Q

Prophase I

Leptotene

A

chromosomes condense

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19
Q

Prophase I

Zygotetene

A

synaptonemal complex forms

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20
Q

Prophase I

Pachytene

A

a bivalent is formed and crossing over occurs

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21
Q

Prophase I

Diplotetene

A

synaptonemal complex disassociates

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22
Q

Prophase I

Diakinesis

A

bivalent is attached as it prepares for metaphase I

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23
Q

What is the synaptonemal complex?

A

holds homologs together during crossing over

the chromosomes are tied together in random places where they exchange genetic material

crossing over begins in the zygotene stage, occurs in the pachytene stage, and disassociates in the diplotene stage

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24
Q

Are homologous chromosomes identical at the end of diakinesis?

A

no, crossing over produces different chromosomes that are no longer the same

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25
What is produced at the end of Meiosis II?
four haploid cells
26
What is the difference between independent assortment and segregation?
In the law of segregation, the bivalents line up during metaphase I, one dyad goes to one side and the other one goes to the other side. In independent assortment, it is stating that each homologous pair randomly is situated for each side to go to their own side.
27
What is expressed at the molecular level?
gene expression
28
What is expressed at the cellular level?
protein function
29
What is expressed at the organism level?
traits are observed
30
What is expressed at the population level?
alleles and traits within a particular species can be observed
31
Transcription
DNA ---> RNA
32
Translation
RNA ---> Protein
33
Genetic Variation
differences in inherited traits among individuals within a population
34
Aneuploidy
single chromosomes (within a set) may be lost or gained
35
Polyploidy
additional whole set of chromosomes may be inherited
36
What is transmission genetics?
inheritance pattern of traits
37
What is molecular genetics?
examines the physical pattern and organization of genetic material
38
What is population genetics?
examines genetic variations within and between different populations
39
Genome
the DNA found within all of our chromosomes
40
How many chromosomes does a sperm cell have?
23 chromosomes
41
Variation in the traits of organisms may be attributable to what?
gene mutations alterations in chromosome structure variation in chromosome number
42
How many autosomes do humans have?
22 chromosomes maternal 22 chromosomes paternal 44 altogether and 2 sex chromosomes
43
What is the functional product of most genes?
a polypeptide
44
What constituents a cell's proteome?
an enzyme cytoskeletal proteins a transport protein in the plasma membrane
45
Sex Linked
genes that are found on one of the two types of sex chromosomes but not on both
46
Heterogametic?
males contain one X and one Y chromosome
47
Homogametic
females contain two X chromosomes
48
What are isogamous species? (eukaryotic)
they produce haploid (1n) gametes that are morphologically similar example: fungi and algae
49
What are heterogamous species? (eukaryotic)
they produce haploid (1n) gametes that are morphologically different sperm: small and moblie egg: large and nonmobile
50
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
binary fission bacterial daughter cells divide into two daughter cells, identical
51
Gametophyte
haploid
52
Sporophyte
diploid
53
How are spores formed?
through meiosis
54
Genes on both the X and Y chromosome are inherited in which way?
pseudoautosomal
55
What is double fertilization?
the first sperm fertilizes the central cell which has two nuclei to produce the endosperm the second different sperm fertilizes the egg to form the ova
56
Spermatogenesis
production of sperm (meiotic process)
57
What happens to spermatogonium?
one is a primary spermatocyte (goes through Meiosis I and II) the second remains a spermatogonial cell
58
Oogenesis
production of egg cells (meiosis)
59
What is the correct order for Mitosis?
G1, S, G2, M ``` G= gap S= synthesis ```
60
What happens during the S phase of Mitosis?
DNA replication produces pairs of sister chromatids
61
What is found in prokaryotic cells?
``` membrane cell wall plasma membrane nucleoid ribosomes in cytoplasm flagellum ```
62
What is found in eukaryotic cells?
``` microfilament golgi body nuclear envelope nucleolus chromosomal DNA nucleus etc... ```
63
Homozygous
individual with two identical alleles
64
Heterozygous
individual with two different alleles
65
Genotype
specific allelic composition of an individual
66
Phenotype
outward appearance of an individual
67
Hybridization
mating or crossing between two individuals that have different characteristics
68
Hybrids
the offspring that results from hybridizaton
69
Pedigree analysis
determine patterns of inheritance in humans and other organisms 1. ) human disease traits 2. ) domestic animals 3. ) zoo populations
70
Probability Equation?
number of times an event occurs / total number of possible events
71
Sampling Error?
sampling error is large for small samples | sampling error is small for large samples
72
Nonessential Genes
genes that are not absolutely required for survival
73
Essential Genes
genes that are required for survival
74
Lethal Allele
allele that has the potential to cause the death of an organism
75
Senescent Gene
lethal alleles that exert their effect later in life ex: Huntington Disease
76
Expressivity
degree to which a trait is expressed
77
Environmental effect
environmental conditions that may have a great impact on the phenotype of the individual

BI 211 Genetics (1 decks)

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