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Cell Bio/Phys > Genetics 1 > Flashcards

Genetics 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Both alleles are the same

A

Homozygous

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2
Q

selection of a mate with preference for (or aversion to) a particular genotype, i.e., non-random mating. The net result is that mating occurs between individuals having more traits in common than likely in random mating.

A

Assortative mating

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3
Q

mating occurs by chance alone rather than by choice.

A

Random mating

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4
Q

Mutation

A

is an alteration to the genetic material of an organism. This leads to new alleles.

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5
Q

A characteristic or trait that is possessed by individuals in a population, but in matings is not often expressed in the offspring.

A

Recessive

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6
Q

Fitness

A

refers to the ability of individuals to survive and pass on their traits to another generation.

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7
Q

Genetic Drift

A

variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a two different population due to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.

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8
Q

Homozygous

A

Both alleles are the same

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9
Q

Phenotype Frequencies

A

The frequency of an allele within a population. This can be estimated by the Hardy-Weinberg equations.

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10
Q

Genotype Frequencies

A

The frequency of the different genotypes within a population. This can be estimated by the Hardy-Weinberg equations.

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11
Q

Haploid

A

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes and therefore only one copy of every gene.

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12
Q

is the total sum of all of the genes within a population of organisms.

A

Gene pool

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13
Q

Genetic equilibrium

A

is the concept that the proportions of alleles in a population remain constant from generation to generation.

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14
Q

Population Genetics

A

a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations.

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15
Q

Any allele that is present in a minority of the population.

A

Minor allele

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16
Q

is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together.

A

Genetic Linkage

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17
Q

a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and between populations.

A

Population Genetics

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18
Q

A pair of identical alleles that are both present in an organism that ultimately results in death of that organism are referred to as recessive lethal alleles. Though recessive lethals may encode for dominant or recessive traits, they are only fatal in the homozygous condition.

A

Lethal Trait

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19
Q

The externally observed characteristic of an individual. The net result of the actions of proteins and other gene products in the living cell, tissue, or organism.

A

Phenotype

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20
Q

Wild Type

A

refers to the allele that encodes the phenotype most common in a particular natural population. It is sometimes thought of as the allele that is most favorable, fit, or healthy.

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21
Q

A situation where two alleles are neither dominant nor recessive towards each other and both are expressed as phenotype.

A

Codominance

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22
Q

refers to the ability of individuals to survive and pass on their traits to another generation.

A

Fitness

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23
Q

One of the possible genes that could occupy a genetic locus.

A

Allele

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24
Q

subgroups within a population that remain genetically distinct but geographically co-localized.

A

Stratification

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25
Q

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent. Diploid cells contain two copies of nearly every gene.

A

Diploid

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26
Q

is the flow of genes into a population from a different population.

A

Gene Flow

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27
Q

Phenotype

A

The externally observed characteristic of an individual. The net result of the actions of proteins and other gene products in the living cell, tissue, or organism.

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28
Q

Major allele

A

The allele that is most common in a population. (most likely the wild type allele).

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29
Q

Gene pool

A

is the total sum of all of the genes within a population of organisms.

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30
Q

variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a two different population due to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.

A

Genetic Drift

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31
Q

Any allele other than the wild type allele.

A

Mutant

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32
Q

An individual who has a single recessive allele that leads to disease in the homozygous individual.

A

Carrier

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33
Q

These occurs when a population is quickly reduced to a very small population before rebounding.

A

Bottlenecks

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34
Q

Carrier

A

An individual who has a single recessive allele that leads to disease in the homozygous individual.

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35
Q

the complete set of all factors that determine a trait for a cell or organism.

A

Genome

36
Q

are variants in the human genome that are linked to a specific region of the world or more specifically to the people who inhabited those regions. These variants may not be associated with any diseases.

A

Ancestry Informative Markers

37
Q

A characteristic or trait that is possessed by one or more parents and is expressed in the progeny when the dominant allele is inherited from either parent. In heterozygotes the dominant gene/allele is the outward phenotype and the recessive gene/allele remains effectively hidden.

A

Dominant

38
Q

Genetic Linkage

A

is the tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together.

39
Q

These terms define a cluster of alleles that are closely located within the genome so that they are inherited as a unit. The haplotype refers to a few of the alleles that can be used to define the rest of the group

A

Haplotype or haplogroup

40
Q

Allele

A

One of the possible genes that could occupy a genetic locus.

41
Q

Lethal Trait

A

A pair of identical alleles that are both present in an organism that ultimately results in death of that organism are referred to as recessive lethal alleles. Though recessive lethals may encode for dominant or recessive traits, they are only fatal in the homozygous condition.

42
Q

Allele Frequencies

A

The frequency of an allele within a population. This can be estimated by the Hardy-Weinberg equations.

43
Q

the reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors.

A

Founder Effect

44
Q

Dominant

A

A characteristic or trait that is possessed by one or more parents and is expressed in the progeny when the dominant allele is inherited from either parent. In heterozygotes the dominant gene/allele is the outward phenotype and the recessive gene/allele remains effectively hidden.

45
Q

Ancestry Informative Markers

A

are variants in the human genome that are linked to a specific region of the world or more specifically to the people who inhabited those regions. These variants may not be associated with any diseases.

46
Q

The combination of genes possessed by an individual.

A

Genotype

47
Q

Gene Flow

A

is the flow of genes into a population from a different population.

48
Q

The frequency of an allele within a population. This can be estimated by the Hardy-Weinberg equations.

A

Allele Frequencies

49
Q

The allele that is most common in a population. (most likely the wild type allele).

A

Major allele

50
Q

Selection

A

Is environmental factors that influence the fitness of a population

51
Q

Is environmental factors that influence the fitness of a population

A

Selection

52
Q

The frequency of the different genotypes within a population. This can be estimated by the Hardy-Weinberg equations.

A

Genotype Frequencies

53
Q

Mutant

A

Any allele other than the wild type allele.

54
Q

The location within the complete genome occupied by a gene. (plural = Loci)

A

Locus

55
Q

Minor allele

A

Any allele that is present in a minority of the population.

56
Q

Recessive

A

A characteristic or trait that is possessed by individuals in a population, but in matings is not often expressed in the offspring.

57
Q

is the concept that the proportions of alleles in a population remain constant from generation to generation.

A

Genetic equilibrium

58
Q

Linkage disequilibrium

A

refers to the non-random association of alleles at two or more loci in a general population. When alleles are in linkage disequilibrium, the combinations of genotypes observed in offspring do not occur at the expected frequencies.

59
Q

Random mating

A

mating occurs by chance alone rather than by choice.

60
Q

Heterozygous

A

Both alleles are different

61
Q

Stratification

A

subgroups within a population that remain genetically distinct but geographically co-localized.

62
Q

(“blood relation”, from the Latin consanguinitas) is the property of being from the same kinship as another person. In that aspect, consanguinity is the quality of being descended from the same ancestor as another person.

A

Consanguinity

63
Q

Genome

A

the complete set of all factors that determine a trait for a cell or organism.

64
Q

Matings between individual within a small group of closely related individuals. For geographical, cultural, or religious reasons the parents share a common ancestor within the past few generations. The net result is that the offspring has an increased chance of obtaining a mutant allele from both parents.

A

Inbreeding

65
Q

is an alteration to the genetic material of an organism. This leads to new alleles.

A

Mutation

66
Q

An inherited factor that determines a trait.

A

Gene

67
Q

Codominance

A

A situation where two alleles are neither dominant nor recessive towards each other and both are expressed as phenotype.

68
Q

Locus

A

The location within the complete genome occupied by a gene. (plural = Loci)

69
Q

Mature, haploid germ cells from the male and female that can fuse with one another to form a zygote.

A

Gametes

70
Q

Inbreeding

A

Matings between individual within a small group of closely related individuals. For geographical, cultural, or religious reasons the parents share a common ancestor within the past few generations. The net result is that the offspring has an increased chance of obtaining a mutant allele from both parents.

71
Q

an allele of a gene that contributes to reduced fitness in an individual.

A

Deleterious Gene

72
Q

Bottlenecks

A

These occurs when a population is quickly reduced to a very small population before rebounding.

73
Q

Diploid

A

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent. Diploid cells contain two copies of nearly every gene.

74
Q

Both alleles are different

A

Heterozygous

75
Q

The frequency of an allele within a population. This can be estimated by the Hardy-Weinberg equations.

A

Phenotype Frequencies

76
Q

Consanguinity

A

(“blood relation”, from the Latin consanguinitas) is the property of being from the same kinship as another person. In that aspect, consanguinity is the quality of being descended from the same ancestor as another person.

77
Q

refers to the allele that encodes the phenotype most common in a particular natural population. It is sometimes thought of as the allele that is most favorable, fit, or healthy.

A

Wild Type

78
Q

Genotype

A

The combination of genes possessed by an individual.

79
Q

Gametes

A

Mature, haploid germ cells from the male and female that can fuse with one another to form a zygote.

80
Q

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes and therefore only one copy of every gene.

A

Haploid

81
Q

Deleterious Gene

A

an allele of a gene that contributes to reduced fitness in an individual.

82
Q

Haplotype or haplogroup

A

These terms define a cluster of alleles that are closely located within the genome so that they are inherited as a unit. The haplotype refers to a few of the alleles that can be used to define the rest of the group

83
Q

Gene

A

An inherited factor that determines a trait.

84
Q

Assortative mating

A

selection of a mate with preference for (or aversion to) a particular genotype, i.e., non-random mating. The net result is that mating occurs between individuals having more traits in common than likely in random mating.

85
Q

refers to the non-random association of alleles at two or more loci in a general population. When alleles are in linkage disequilibrium, the combinations of genotypes observed in offspring do not occur at the expected frequencies.

A

Linkage disequilibrium

86
Q

Founder Effect

A

the reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors.

Cell Bio/Phys (2 decks)

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