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Biology - Genetic Variation > Genetic Variation > Flashcards

Genetic Variation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is DNA?

A

DNA is the genetic instructions for an individual and is made up of genes.

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2
Q

What are genes?

A

Genes are sections of DNA that code for a protein and trait. Each unique gene has a unique sequence of bases, these unique sequences of bases are alleles.

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3
Q

What are alleles?

A

Alleles are an alternative form of a gene and will have different sequences of bases within a gene.

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4
Q

How do we code for a unique phenotype?

A

These unique sequences of bases code for the production of a unique protein. These proteins and combinations of proteins give us a unique phenotype.

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5
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

A phenotype is a physical expression of a genotype.

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6
Q

What is a genotype?

A

A genotype is the combination of alleles which an individual has.

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7
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A mutation is a permanent change to the base sequence of the individual’s DNA. When the DNA sequence is changed, it will change the allele and the phenotype. This slightly different sequence causes a different sequence of amino acids to be made.

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8
Q

What is an inheritable trait?

A

Inheritable traits are any traits that are coded for within the DNA of an organism. It will be passed from parent to offspring.

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9
Q

What are Non-heritable traits?

A

Non-Heritable traits are acquired differences in the phenotypes of individuals in a population.

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10
Q

What is the definition of Homozygous dominant and Homozygous recessive?

A

Homozygous Dominant and Homozygous Recessive are 2 alleles of the same type for a particular gene.

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11
Q

What is the definition of Heterozygous?

A

Heterozygous is 2 different alleles for a particular gene.

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12
Q

What is purebreeding?

A

Pure breeding is when a homozygous dominant or recessive produces offspring with the same homozygous dominant/recessive offspring.

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13
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

Genetic Variation is the difference in DNA, genes and alleles in a population/species.

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14
Q

Why is genetic variation important to a population?

A

The greater the genetic variation in a population the more likely that the population will survive an environmental change as they are more likely to have a phenotype that would survive this change.

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15
Q

What is the process of fertilisation?

A

The process of fertilisation is when random male and female gametes form and join, each with unique DNA producing genetically unique zygote/offspring.

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16
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A gamete is a sex cell formed by meiosis.

17
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A zygote is an early stage embryo which is formed after gametes fuse.

18
Q

What is a somatic mutation?

A

Somatic mutations are mutations that occur in a cell that is not an egg or sperm cell, it cannot be passed onto offspring and will only affect the individual that it occurs in.

19
Q

What is a Gametic mutation?

A

Gametic mutations are mutations that occur in the sperm and egg cells, it will be passed onto offspring and become inheritable.

20
Q

What is Meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes (sex cells such as egg and sperm). The daughter cells that are produced are unique from each other and contain half the amount of chromosomes as the ‘parent cell’ it was made from.

21
Q

What is Mitosis?

A

Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces new body cells for growth, repair and replacement. One body cell is copied to make 2 genetically identical daughter cells.

22
Q

What is Independent Assortment?

A

Homologous pairs line up independently (randomly) of other homologous pairs.

23
Q

What is crossing over?

A

Non-sister chromatids from homologous pairs get close together and exchange small sections of of DNA (genes and therefore alleles).

24
Q

How does crossing over and independent assortment cause variation?

A

These processes cause variation as it changes the allele combinations the offspring can inherit.

25
Q

What is environmental variation?

A

This variation is not inherited by offspring, and is not a genetic trait BUT rather an interaction between genes and the environment.

26
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Biology - Genetic Variation (1 decks)

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