Genetic Traits & Disorders Flashcards
heterozygous females recessive – don’t express and do carry the trait
sex linked inheritance
what are all changes possible in chromosome structure
- deletion
- duplication
- translocation
- inversion
dominant allele mutation of autosomal cell
autosomal dominant inheritance
males X chromosome is always completely turned “on”
X chromosome inheritance
- Huntington’s disease
- polydactyly
- achondroplasia
autosomal dominant inheritance
parts of each female’s X-chromosome’s are turned “on” while other parts are turned “off”
X chromosome inheritance
mutation on the X chromosome
sex linked inheritance
males with an extra X chromosome (sterile males, sometimes mild retardation) (XXY)
Klinefelter’s syndrome
X chromosome inheritance in females allows some unique traits to females such as colors in cats called _______.
calico
affects homozygous recessive only
autosomal recessive inheritance
Gene fragment joins nonhomologous chromosome
translocation
either male or female can carry
autosomal recessive inheritance
presence in female of male sex hormones that influences the expression of certain human traits
sex influenced traits
traits controlled by two or more alleles
polygenic traits
gene fragment joins homologous chromosomes
duplication
doesn’t die out because it may not affect reproduction or onset occurs after reproductive age
autosomal dominant inheritance
occurs mostly in plants
polyploidy
an extra 21st chromosome
down syndrome
- skin color
- eye color
- hair color
polygenic traits
- hemophilia
* Color blindness
sex linked inheritance
loss of a segment
deletion
homozygous dominant females – express don’t carry
sex linked inheritance
fragment is inverted and reinserted
inversion
1 chromosome missing completely
monosomy
males will express the trait and carry to daughters
sex linked inheritance
these traits show degrees of variation
polygenic traits
an extra chromosome of one of the pairs
trisomy
failure of chromosomes separating in either mitosis and meiosis (can happen with autosomal or sex chromosomes)
non-disjunction
what are all changes possible in chromosome number
- non-disjunction
- monosomy
- trisomy
females with an extra X-chromosome (they are fertile, sometimes taller, increased chance of mental retardation) (XXX)
trisomy X syndrome
- albinism
- sickle cell anemia
- PKU
- tay-Sachs
autosomal recessive inheritance
baldness (males – dominant, females – recessive)
sex influenced traits
what used to be nicknamed ‘the criminal gene’?
double Y syndrome
examinations of the person’s genetic make up including their family history and any genetic disorders (Karyotypes & blood sales are used)
genetic counseling and screening
condition in which an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes
polyploidy
females with only one X chromosome (very rare condition, sterile females (no baby), short in stature, never mature sexually) (X)
turner’s syndrome
types of controlled breeding
- mass selection
- hybridization
- inbreeding
The process of selecting individuals with desirable traits to produce the next generation of offspring
controlled breeding
raising a large number of species and selecting the best of each generation for further breeding
mass selection
method of crossing two different species, breeds, varieties, or pure lines
Hybridization
rarely occurs in animals – usually fatal
Polyploidy
The goal is to pass on the best traits from the parents to the offspring
hybridization
used to maintain the characteristics of pedigrees in dogs
inbreeding
approximately 25% of pregnancies are spontaneously aborted because of some type of _______.
non-disjunction
has allowed many new species and varieties
polyploidy
method involves mating genetically similar organisms
inbreeding
_______ are made by completing mass selection and then following it with inbreeding
pure lines
New crops and animals have been made from this
hybridization
can increase the breeds diseases and deformities
inbreeding
production of organisms with identical genes
cloning
made during genetic engineering (transferring DNA segments from one organism into DNA of another organism) The new DNA is called _______
recombinant DNA
The lack of pigment (can happen on all animals and all humans)
albinism
when the red blood cells are sick old (shriveled) red blood cells (they carry oxygen) cannot carry oxygen well
sickle cell anemia
cannot consume phenylalanine, have to have a special diet – if they digested, can cause brain damage (common in African-Americans)
PKU
PKU stands for _______
phenylketonuria
Cherry spot on the eyeball. At around 18 months child will regress (stop walking, talking, etc.) at around age 5, they will die
tay-Sachs
A common fruit that gets cloned
bananas
at around age 30-50 your brain will slowly break down – degenerative brain
Huntington’s disease
extra digits (fingers and toes)
polydactyly
another form of dwarfism
achondroplasia
can’t see certain colors (red and green are the most common)
Color blindness
not produced the right amount of clotting factor
hemophilia
recessive allele mutation of autosomal cell
autosomal recessive inheritance
males with an extra Y chromosome (usually fertile, taller, sometimes with higher aggression) (XYY)
double Y syndrome
examples of non-disjunction
- trisomy X syndrome
- Klinefelter syndrome
- Down syndrome
- double Y syndrome
- Turner’s syndrome
