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Block Two Medical Genetics > Genetic Testing Large Animals > Flashcards

Genetic Testing Large Animals Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do we do genetic testing

A
  • health
  • conformation/ apperance
  • inheritance
  • breeding value
  • ancestry
  • production
  • inbreeding
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2
Q

Application of genetic testing

A

how we interpret genetic test results and what we do with them

  • medical tx
  • culling
  • marketing
  • rearing/ maintenance
  • breeding
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3
Q

Who does gene testing

A
  • breed associations
  • internationa/ national associations
  • genotyping companies
  • AI companies
  • Academic institutions
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4
Q

Uses of genetic testing

A
  • depends on acceptance by general public and for industry adoption and use of it
  • can be used by individual or by a group
  • can be used to educate the public vs to educate a user
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5
Q

genetic test pricing

A

high density= higher number of markers= higher price= higher accuracy

  • realistically the accuracy is fairly close and for the 5% difference in accuracy most consumers will go with lower density and lower price
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6
Q

DNA sample options

A
  • hair
  • blood
  • tissue
  • nasal swab
  • semen
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7
Q

genetic merit

A

what is the genetic value of the animal; objective score of that animals value

  • estimate for this evolved from looking at phenotype and pedigree
  • now look at phenotype genotype and pedigree this allows you to estimate values of traits not exhibited (ex milk production in bulls)
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8
Q

parent average

A

genetic average of each parent’s genetic value; assumes offspring inherit exactly 1/2 of parents genetic merit for all traits and that parents are 100% correctly IDed

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9
Q

estimation of genetic merit

A
  • genotypic value
  • breeding value
  • progeny difference= transmitting ability
  • producing ability
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10
Q

genotypic value

A

value of an individuals genes on their own performatnce

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11
Q

breeding value

A

value of an individuals genes on their progeny’s performance

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12
Q

progeny difference= transmitting ability

A

expectation of what progeny inherits from their parents

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13
Q

producing ability

A

performance potential of an individual for a repeated trait (Ie milk production in a dairy cow)

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14
Q

progeny testing vs genomic prediction

A

investment progeny testing= time and cost or raising animal and progeny until performance evaluated
investment genomic prediction= genomic research, industry infrastructure, producer buy in

genomics- has better accuracy of genetic merit and trait selection, lets you evaluate merit of young stock, validate parentage, check for cacciers for genetic conditions

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15
Q

genomic prediction

A
  • need a reference population so take all of these cows who’s phenotypes for things like milk production have been recorded and genotype them
  • get prediction equations associations between SNP and phenotypes (what marker indicates what phenotype) and look at how that gives genetic merit
  • once you have reference pop must still keep sequencing because populations change
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16
Q

Rate of genetic change equation

A

Expected genetic progress per year= { (square root of genetic variance) (selection differential ie intensity) (square root of accuracy)}/ generational interval

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17
Q

genetic variance

A

variation in population due to genetics; includes heritability (h^2) of trait

* we can not change this*

18
Q

selection differential

A

intensity of selection; how selective we are when making mating decisions

19
Q

accuracy

A

how certain we are about our estimate of an animals genetic merit

20
Q

generation interval

A

time between generatiosn

21
Q

what’s included in genetic evaluations

A
  • conformation/ type traits
  • produciton traits
  • health traits
22
Q

what drives genetic change

A

elite animals

23
Q

performance index

A 
optimized for general improvement of production, health, and conformation
net merit (parent transmitting ability x economic value)= most common
24
Q

targeting indexes

A

uses subset of traits to improve a targeted subject like cheese merit (emphasis on protein and fat %), fluid merit (emphasis on milk yield), grazing merit (emphasis on fertility), calving ability (emphasis on easy and alive calf birth), fertility index (emphasis on conception rate)

25
Q

individual traits

A

looks at individual traits under umbrellas of production traits, health traits, and conformation/type traits

26
Q

inbreeding

A

looks at potential loos per 1% inbreeding increase in different traits
- inbreeding can lead to inadvertent propigation of deleterious mutations

27
Q

does carrier status affect genetic merit of an animal

A

no because even if they are a carrier they are fine; farmer may use this to decide who to breed to and who not to breed to

28
Q

genetics limitations

A
  • genetics if foundation for potential but without good management won’t reach that potential
  • there will always be outliers who over or under reach potential
  • farms who don’t use genetic testing will still improve because of industry improvements just slower
29
Q

who do you genotype

A

bulls, cows, heifers, calves; depends on what is important to you and what you want to test for, this very much depends on farm and what their focus is

30
Q

proven vs young bulls

A

proven bulls have more reliabilityy in estimation of genetic merit because have phenotypic along with genomic data; higher probability of progeny having expected genome merit (85-90% reliability)

young bulls- reduce generation interval and increase genetic change but genomic estimation of merit less than those of proven estimates (70% reliable)

  • can have diff people choosing bulls can be choosing bull for individual cow or for group of cows in the herd
31
Q

how do you increase the rate of genetic change

A

reduce generation interval and increase selection intensity

32
Q

commercial marketing

A

can use genetic testing to try to back using your bulls or cows ect. saying they have better ____ trait; can also look at niche marketing for things like no horns (good for animal welfare dehorning concerns and not having to pay for man power to dehorn); can also increase thrermotolerance

33
Q

industry impact of genetic testing

A
  • increased genetic merit of individuals
  • reduced genetic interval
  • reduced cost (less progeny testing, merit of young animals)
  • inbreeding management (preventing propigation of recessive deleterious alleles)
34
Q

American Quarter Horse Association

A
  • offers 5 panel genetic tests; tests are more expensive than cow test for many fewer traits looked at
35
Q

HYPP

A

impressive syndrome; AQHA designated this a genetic deffect; all impressive descents has to be be tested for the ex and have parentage verified and results on registration; any horse who is homozygous dominant can’t be registered

36
Q

genetic testing in horses

A

can look at coat patterns and to see if carriers for genetic dx or not and a few other traits like curiosity/ villagence/ myostatin/ speed, gait; lordosis (curvature of spine); no genetic merit application in horses yet

37
Q

genetics in goat and sheep industry

A

they’re stuck on what is important and can’t agree

38
Q

successful application of genomics

A
  • industry infrastructure
  • extensive historical data
  • wide spread use of AI
  • high value of animal
  • generation interval that can be impacted
  • large scale gain in industry (variable gain on farm depending on implementation)
39
Q

Challenges of genomics

A
  • standardization of phenotypic data (its subjective)
  • industry consensus on trait prioritized
  • initial cost investment
  • implementation across management systems
  • inbreeding
40
Q

New traits

A

these are v convient but can be v costly to keep track of and breed into a line who were is the line of value it brings vs what it costs

Traits of current interest:

  • feed efficiency
  • Heat tolerance
  • Complex dx
  • consumer valued traits

Considerations for new trait selection

  • value of trait
  • initial research investment
  • cost of long term phenotyping
41
Q

genetically modified vs genetically enginered

A

some companies trying to separate the two for public perception improvement

GMO:
- technique to genetic engineering that introduces genetic material often from another organism tends to have bad reputation

Genetic engineering
- gene editing process that enables use of genes already native to plants or animal that could be introduced via conventional cross breeding

Block Two Medical Genetics (14 decks)

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