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Biology > Genetic information, Variation And Relationship Between Organisms > Flashcards

Genetic information, Variation And Relationship Between Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Phylogenic Classification

A
  • Based upon evolutionary relationships
  • Classifies species using shared features derived from their ancestors
  • Arranges the groups into a hierarchy
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2
Q

Artificial Classification

A

Divides organisms by characteristics, such as size or number of legs

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3
Q

Species

A

-A group of organisms which have similar characteristics and are able to breed to produce fertile offspring

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4
Q

Courtship behaviour includes …

A
  • Species recognition
  • Identifying a mate that is capable of breeding
  • Pair bond formation
  • Synchronisation of mating
  • Initiating breeding by bringing a member of the opposite sex into a physiological state that allows breeding to occur
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5
Q

Stabilising selection

A
  • Selection that favours individuals close to the mean, maintains the traits of the population
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6
Q

Directional Selection

A

-A type of selection that favours individuals that differ in one direction (fall to the left or right) from the population mean. This changes the traits of the population

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7
Q

The reproductive success of individuals affects allele frequency in populations. This happens when:

A
  • Random gene mutations lead to new alleles in a gene pool - the variety of alleles in reproduction
  • This nee allele allows individuals to survive and reproduce
  • Their offspring inherit the new alleles
  • Over many generations, the new advantageous allele will increase at the expense of the less advantageous allele
  • The frequency of the new allele increases
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8
Q

What is natural selection?

A

DARWINISM

  • ‘Survival of the fittest’
  • Advantageous mutations
  • Better adapted to the environment
  • Reproductively successful
  • Inherit desired alleles
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9
Q

Genetic Diversity is

A

-The total number of different alleles in a population

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10
Q

Polyploidy

A

-Changes in the whole sets of chromosomes e.g when organisms have 3 or more sets of chromosomes rather than 2

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11
Q

Non-Disjunction

A

-When individual homologous pairs of chromosomes Gail to separate during meiosis. The resultant offspring have more or fewer chromosomes in their body cells

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12
Q

Substitution is

A

-One base is substituted with another

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13
Q

Deletion

A

-One bad is deleted

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14
Q

Insertion

A

-One base is added

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15
Q

Gene Mutation is

A

-Permanent alteration in the DNA base sequence that makes up a gene

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16
Q

Translation

A
  • Is the process of making proteins by forming a specific sequence of amino acids based on coded instructions in mRNA
  • RNA polymerase catalysed phosphodiester bonds between adjacent RNA nucleotides and the mRNA strand detached allowing the DNA helix to reform
17
Q

Transcription

A
  • Section of DNA unwinds
  • 1 strand of DNA acts as a template
  • Free RNA nucleotides match up with complementary base pairs from the promoter region
  • RNA polymerase catalysed reactions to link nucleotides by forming phosphodiester bonds
  • At the terminator region,the RNA polymerase detaches
  • Pre-mRNA formed
18
Q

What is splicing?

Where does it take place?

A
  • Splicing is the removal of introns from pre-mRNA to produce mRNA
  • Splicing takes place in the nucleus before the mRNA passes into the cytoplasms via a nuclear pore
19
Q

Introns

A

-Much of the DNA in eukaryotes does not code for polypeptides. Within genes there are portions of non-coding sequences called INTRONS

20
Q

Exons

A

-These sequences within genes which code for amino acids are called EXONS

21
Q

What is the process of splicing?

A

-Because the pre-mRNA molecule has been produced using a complete template strand. It still contains INTRONS sequencing which must be removed via SPLICING

22
Q

Why Doesn’t splicing take place in Prokaryotes?

A

-In prokaryotes, transcription results directly in the production of mRNA from DNA, this is because the DNA does NOT contain INTRONS

23
Q

Stabilising selection

A

-A type of selection that favours individuals close to the mean, maintain the traits of the population

24
Q

Directional Selection

A

-A type of selection that favours individuals that differs in one dissection (fall to the left or right) from the population mean. This changes the traits of the population

25
Q

Splicing in Eukaryotes

A
  • Transcription results in the production of pre-mRNA this is then spliced to form mRNA
  • Removal of INTRONS
26
Q

Conservative Replication

A

-An entirely new molecule is synthesised from a DNA + template

27
Q

Semi-Conservative Replication

A

-Each new molecule consists of on newly synthesised strand and one template strand

28
Q

Dispersive Replication

A

-New molecules are made of segments of new and old DNA

Biology (4 decks)

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