genetic finger printing

Question 1

what is genetic finger printing?

Answer 1

a diagnostic tool used widely in forensic science

Question 2

why is the variation in our genes quite small?

Answer 2

we are all members of the same species

Question 3

what re VNTRS?

Answer 3

variable number tandem repeats

Question 4

why will individuals who are loosely related have VNTRS more similar than individuals who are not related

Answer 4

• DNA is inherited from same parents/ grandparents

- within a small family group individuals will inherit some of the same chromosomes and thus VNTRS

Question 5

name the five stages of the genetic fingerprinting technique

Answer 5

• extraction of DNA
• digestion
• separation
• hybridisation
• development

Question 6

Describe the stage of extraction of DNA in the genetic fingerprinting technique

Answer 6

a sample containing cells with a nucleus is taken to a laboratory where the DNA is extracted
PCR is then used to increase the quantity of DNA

Question 7

Describe the stage digestion in the genetic fingerprinting technique

Answer 7

DNA is cut into fragments using restriction endonucleases, close to but not within the DNA where the VNTR sequences are found

Question 8

Describe the stage of seperation in the genetic fingerprinting technique

Answer 8

gel electrophoresis is then used to seperate the DNA fragments
the double stranded DNA fragments are seperated into single stands by immersing them in gel alkali

Question 9

Describe the stage of hybridisation in the genetic fingerprinting technique

Answer 9

radioactive and fluorensent dna probes that have complementary base sequences to the VNTRS bind to the non coding DNA

Question 10

Describe the stage of development in the genetic fingerprinting technique

Answer 10

dgfv

Question 11

give examples of cells that can be used when using the genetic fingerprinting technique

Answer 11

• blood
• hair
• semen

Question 12

what possibilities apart from commuting the crime, could lead to someones DNA being present at the crime scene?

Answer 12

• innocent bystander/ witness
• present at an earlier or later time
• contamination from police or scientists
• victim

Question 13

name the uses of DNA fingerprinting

Answer 13

• forensic science
• determine paternity
• medical diagnosis
• plant and animal breeding

Question 14

Describe how DNA fingerprinting can be use in forensic science

Answer 14

tgyrst

Question 15

Describe how DNA fingerprinting can be use in determine paternity

Answer 15

closely related individuals will have similarities in their genetic fingerprints

Question 16

Describe how DNA fingerprinting can be use in medical diagnosis

Answer 16

a sample of DNA from a person with the disease can be matched with fingerprints of people with various form of the disease and those without

Question 17

Describe how DNA fingerprinting can be use in plant and animal breeding

Answer 17

prevent interbreeding
identify how closely related animals are
identify if they have a particular allele of the desired gene