genetic engineerinf Flashcards
selective breeding
the practice of breeding animals or plants holding a desired trait (to be breeded)
recombinant DNA
when DNA is taken from 2 organisms and combined
also known as genetic engineering and gene splicing
transgenic organisms
any (foreign) organism that contains recombinant DNA
also known as GMO (genetically modified organism)
what are the top 3 fields to use genetic engineering?
industry, agriculture, medicine
whats another term for transgenic organism?
GMO (genetically modified organism)
restriction enzyme
enzyme looks for specific/useful nucleotide sequencing, cuts DNA at this location
sticky end cut
the restriction enzyme cuts 2 strands into a “staggered” shape. cuts hydrogen bonds, leaves base pairs exposed
blunt end cut
restriction enzyme makes a straight through cut in between hydrogen bonds, leaving flat ends of doubles
genetic engineering
the process of specifically selecting the genes you want the new organism to display
vector
something used to carry and insert DNA from the donor into a host (egg donor)
bacterial plasmid
the most commonly used vector in recombinant DNA technology
gene therapy
inserting the copy of a gene (same specific gene) that is mutated in an organism to treat the genetic disorder
reproductive cloning
asexual reproduction that creates a genetically identical copy of an organism
therapeutic cloning
the production of stem cells to use to repair/replace damaged tissues or organs
stem cells
cells that can develop to serve any purpose in the body needed
undifferentiated (not assigned purpose from beginning)
rapid cell duplication helps to grow into organ or tissue
differentiation
when a stem cell was assigned to develop into a specific organ or purpose in the body from creation
what are some ethical concerns?
meaning: drawbacks of process and its research
examples (regarding): safety, health, environmental impacts, and accessibility
somatic cell
any cell of a plant or animal that isn’t associated with sexual reproduction
surrogate
someone or something serving the same purpose in place of something else
DNA fingerprint
unique sequence of DNA base pairing that can be used to identify an organism
doesn’t mean fingerprint, term is used bc fingerprints are individual and completely unique, like DNA
gel electrophoresis
technique used by scientists to separate and analyze fragments of DNA, to find relationships
what are the top 3 fields/studies that use gel electrophoresis?
forensics, paternity, and evolution
what has a negative charge in electrophoresis chamber?
DNA!
what has a positive charge in electrophoresis chamber?
opposite end of chamber
band size
determines how fast/far DNA fragments travel through electrophoresis gel, how they fit through pores (small moves farther and quicker towards positive charge)
also considered the number of base pairs found
why are DNA fragments attracted to positive charge towards end?
DNA has a negative charge, opposite charges are attracted to each other
what are the 2 methods people manipulate genetic information?
- artificial selecting (or selective breeding)
- genetic engineering, for production of GMOs
steps of artificial selection:
- choose 2 organisms, sharing desired traits to display by BREEDING
- once they have offspring, choose the offspring displaying this same trait
- continue this process until the line is pure-bred in that trait
steps of genetically modified organisms (GMOS):
- cut desired DNA fragments (genes) out of a chromosome from org 1
- insert this desired gene into the chromosome of org 2 (egg donor) (can be a different species!)
this will create your new specific (intentional) protein
plasmid
small piece of bacteria DNA
gene splicing
the process of inserting a new fragment of DNA into a host’s (egg) DNA
steps to make transgenic organism:
- locate gene you want to put into other organism
- use a restriction enzyme to remove desired gene from chromosome
- cut open vector’s (what carries gene) DNA with restriction enzyme
- splice (insert) the gene into the vector’s DNA
- transfer the DNA into host (receiver)
- the host will produce new protein/product (w/ fertilization)
gene cloning
each time host cell divides, the new gene will be displayed in the newly produced cells
cloning and it’s types:
meaning: creating genetically identical cells or organisms
types:
1. reproductive cloning
2. therapeutic cloning (stem cloning)
steps of reproductive cloning:
- select 2 orgs of SAME SPECIES
(1. org being cloned, 2. egg donor) - remove body cells from org 1 and isolate their cell’s nucleus
- remove nucleus from org 2 and destroy their egg’s nucleus
- insert the nucleus from org 1’s cell into egg of cell 2
- fertilize an organism to carry the embryo
process of gel electrophoresis:
- remove DNA from cell
- use restriction enzyme to cut DNA into fragments
- place these fragments (- charge) into electrophoresis gel (has positive and negative charges on opposite ends)
- apply electric currents to distribute and separate fragments by length/size
