genetic engineerinf

Question 1

selective breeding

Answer 1

the practice of breeding animals or plants holding a desired trait (to be breeded)

Question 2

recombinant DNA

Answer 2

when DNA is taken from 2 organisms and combined

also known as genetic engineering and gene splicing

Question 3

transgenic organisms

Answer 3

any (foreign) organism that contains recombinant DNA

also known as GMO (genetically modified organism)

Question 4

what are the top 3 fields to use genetic engineering?

Answer 4

industry, agriculture, medicine

Question 5

whats another term for transgenic organism?

Answer 5

GMO (genetically modified organism)

Question 6

restriction enzyme

Answer 6

enzyme looks for specific/useful nucleotide sequencing, cuts DNA at this location

Question 7

sticky end cut

Answer 7

the restriction enzyme cuts 2 strands into a “staggered” shape. cuts hydrogen bonds, leaves base pairs exposed

Question 8

blunt end cut

Answer 8

restriction enzyme makes a straight through cut in between hydrogen bonds, leaving flat ends of doubles

Question 9

genetic engineering

Answer 9

the process of specifically selecting the genes you want the new organism to display

Question 10

vector

Answer 10

something used to carry and insert DNA from the donor into a host (egg donor)

Question 11

bacterial plasmid

Answer 11

the most commonly used vector in recombinant DNA technology

Question 12

gene therapy

Answer 12

inserting the copy of a gene (same specific gene) that is mutated in an organism to treat the genetic disorder

Question 13

reproductive cloning

Answer 13

asexual reproduction that creates a genetically identical copy of an organism

Question 14

therapeutic cloning

Answer 14

the production of stem cells to use to repair/replace damaged tissues or organs

Question 15

stem cells

Answer 15

cells that can develop to serve any purpose in the body needed

undifferentiated (not assigned purpose from beginning)

rapid cell duplication helps to grow into organ or tissue

Question 16

differentiation

Answer 16

when a stem cell was assigned to develop into a specific organ or purpose in the body from creation

Question 17

what are some ethical concerns?

Answer 17

meaning: drawbacks of process and its research

examples (regarding): safety, health, environmental impacts, and accessibility

Question 18

somatic cell

Answer 18

any cell of a plant or animal that isn’t associated with sexual reproduction

Question 19

surrogate

Answer 19

someone or something serving the same purpose in place of something else

Question 20

DNA fingerprint

Answer 20

unique sequence of DNA base pairing that can be used to identify an organism

doesn’t mean fingerprint, term is used bc fingerprints are individual and completely unique, like DNA

Question 21

gel electrophoresis

Answer 21

technique used by scientists to separate and analyze fragments of DNA, to find relationships

Question 22

what are the top 3 fields/studies that use gel electrophoresis?

Answer 22

forensics, paternity, and evolution

Question 23

what has a negative charge in electrophoresis chamber?

Answer 23

DNA!

Question 24

what has a positive charge in electrophoresis chamber?

Answer 24

opposite end of chamber

Question 25

band size

Answer 25

determines how fast/far DNA fragments travel through electrophoresis gel, how they fit through pores (small moves farther and quicker towards positive charge)

also considered the number of base pairs found

Question 26

why are DNA fragments attracted to positive charge towards end?

Answer 26

DNA has a negative charge, opposite charges are attracted to each other

Question 27

what are the 2 methods people manipulate genetic information?

Answer 27

1. artificial selecting (or selective breeding)
2. genetic engineering, for production of GMOs

Question 28

steps of artificial selection:

Answer 28

1. choose 2 organisms, sharing desired traits to display by BREEDING
2. once they have offspring, choose the offspring displaying this same trait
3. continue this process until the line is pure-bred in that trait

Question 29

steps of genetically modified organisms (GMOS):

Answer 29

1. cut desired DNA fragments (genes) out of a chromosome from org 1
2. insert this desired gene into the chromosome of org 2 (egg donor) (can be a different species!)

this will create your new specific (intentional) protein

Question 30

plasmid

Answer 30

small piece of bacteria DNA

Question 31

gene splicing

Answer 31

the process of inserting a new fragment of DNA into a host’s (egg) DNA

Question 32

steps to make transgenic organism:

Answer 32

1. locate gene you want to put into other organism
2. use a restriction enzyme to remove desired gene from chromosome
3. cut open vector’s (what carries gene) DNA with restriction enzyme
4. splice (insert) the gene into the vector’s DNA
5. transfer the DNA into host (receiver)
6. the host will produce new protein/product (w/ fertilization)

Question 33

gene cloning

Answer 33

each time host cell divides, the new gene will be displayed in the newly produced cells

Question 34

cloning and it’s types:

Answer 34

meaning: creating genetically identical cells or organisms
types:
1. reproductive cloning
2. therapeutic cloning (stem cloning)

Question 35

steps of reproductive cloning:

Answer 35

1. select 2 orgs of SAME SPECIES
   (1. org being cloned, 2. egg donor)
2. remove body cells from org 1 and isolate their cell’s nucleus
3. remove nucleus from org 2 and destroy their egg’s nucleus
4. insert the nucleus from org 1’s cell into egg of cell 2
5. fertilize an organism to carry the embryo

Question 36

process of gel electrophoresis:

Answer 36

1. remove DNA from cell
2. use restriction enzyme to cut DNA into fragments
3. place these fragments (- charge) into electrophoresis gel (has positive and negative charges on opposite ends)
4. apply electric currents to distribute and separate fragments by length/size