genetic Flashcards
What does MSID do?
affects the body’s ability to break down certain amino acids like leucine, isoleucine, and valine
What is meiosis?
a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information (diploid→ haploid)
How many viable sperm cells are created during meiosis?
1 viable egg cell, 4 sperm cells,
What are polar bodies? How many polar bodies during female meiosis?
Empty egg cells that cannot be fertilized- 3 made
How did Mendel set up his experiment, starting with the Pt generation to the F2 generation?
- He wanted to cross-pollinate the pea plants, so he cut off the male parts of one flower and dusted it with pollen from another flower so it would have two parents
- Studied 7 contrasting traits
- Crossed plants with contrasting characteristics for the same trait, and the offspring (hybrids) only had one of the characteristics
- The recessive alleles didn’t disappear, because when the plant self-pollinated again, they came back 25% of the time (F2 gen)
What does “true-breeding” mean?
All offspring will have the same phenotype
Summarize Mendel’s principles.
Law of dominance and uniformity: when 2 different alleles are present, the dominant one will always be expressed
Law of independent assortment: inheritance of one gene doesn’t affect the inheritance of any other gene
Genes for different traits can segregate independently during gamete formation
Law of segregation: the 2 alleles for each gene are placed in different gametes (pass traits to offspring through genes)
In summary:
Parents can pass traits to offspring through genes
Dominant or recessive, dominant will overrule
Genes have different. varieties called alleles
The type of antigen (protein) present
O - none
A- A
B- B
AB- A and B
Possible genotypes
A- IaIa or Iai
Segregation
the separation of allele pairs during meiosis
Haploid (what type of cells are haploid)
a cell with a single set of chromosomes (egg and sperm cells only)
Diploid (what type of cells are diploid)
a cell with two sets of chromosomes (blood, skin, and muscle cells)
Monozygotic (differences)
(one zygote): 1 sperm and 1 egg split, always same sex and identical, one placenta, is NOT generational
Dizygotic
(two zygotes): 2 sperm and 2 eggs fertilized at the same time, can be same or diff. Sex, genetically and physically different, two placentas, CAN be generational
Triplets form when the egg splits in 3 zygotes
Autosomal recessive diseases:
two recessive genes needed to contract the disease, parents are both heterozygous for the t25% normal, 50% carrier, 25% with the disease (both parents are heterozygous carriers- Mm)
When do mitosis and meiosis occur?
Mitosis- depends on the cell
Meiosis- every 28 days roughly
In meiosis and mitosis are the original cells haploid or diploid?
Both- diploid
In mitosis and meiosis how many daughter cells are produced?
Mitosis: 2
Meiosis: 4 sperm cell(s) are formed in males; 1 egg cell(s) are formed in females
In mitosis and meiosis are the daughter cells haploid or diploid?
Mitosis- diploid
Meiosis- haploid
In mitosis and meiosis are the daughter cells identical to parent cells?
Mitosis- yes
Meiosis- no
In mitosis and meiosis are the daughter cells identical to each other
Mitosis- yes
Meiosis- no
What type of cells do meiosis/mitosis take place in- somatic or sex cells?
Mitosis- somatic
Meiosis- sex
