Genes & Central Dogma of Biology

Question 1

Gene

Answer 1

basic unit of genetic information; a segment of DNA that determines a trait

Question 2

Where are genes located?

Answer 2

on chromosomes

Question 3

Allele

Answer 3

alternate form of a gene

Question 4

Homozygous

Answer 4

copies of an allele are the same

Question 5

Heterozygous

Answer 5

copies of an allele are different

Question 6

Expressed allele

Answer 6

dominant

Question 7

Unexpressed allele

Answer 7

recessive

Question 8

Non-sex-related chromosomes

Answer 8

autosomes

Question 9

Sex-related chromosomes

Answer 9

sex chromosomes

Question 10

Sex chromosomes determine

Answer 10

sex-linked traits

Question 11

Central Dogma

Answer 11

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

Question 12

Process from DNA to Protein

Answer 12

DNA –> transcription –> RNA –> translation –> Amino acids –> Protein folding –> Protein

Question 13

Transcription

Answer 13

the process of copying a gene’s DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule; first step in gene expression

Question 14

Translation

Answer 14

mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

Question 15

Protein folding

Answer 15

a linear polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functioning 3-D structure

Question 16

3 regions of a gene

Answer 16

(1) Promoter, (2) Transcribed region, (3) Termination site

Question 17

Promoter

Answer 17

specifies where RNA Polymerase will begin transcription

Question 18

Transcribed region

Answer 18

“RNA coding region”
-part that gets transcribed into RNA

Question 19

Termination site

Answer 19

Region of DNA that tells the RNA polymerase when transcription should stop

Question 20

Character

Answer 20

a recognizable feature controlled by genetics

Question 21

Trait

Answer 21

a version of a character

Question 22

Protein

Answer 22

large, complex molecule that does most of the work in cells; required for structure, function, and regulation of tissues and organs

Question 23

Polypeptide chain

Answer 23

single, unbranched chain of amino acid

Question 24

Proteins have different structural levels

Answer 24

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Question 25

Primary structure

Answer 25

amino acid monomers join to form polypeptide chains

Question 26

Secondary structure

Answer 26

polypeptide chains may form alpha helices or beta pleated sheets

Question 27

Tertiary structure

Answer 27

polypeptides fold, creating specific shapes

Question 28

Quaternary structure

Answer 28

two or more polypeptides assemble to form larger protein molecules

Question 29

Enzymes

Answer 29

speed up (catalyze) biochemical reactions

Question 30

Structural Proteins

Answer 30

provide physical stability and movement

Question 31

Defensive Proteins

Answer 31

recognize and respond to nonself substances (ex: antibodies)

Question 32

Signaling Proteins

Answer 32

Control physiological processes (ex: hormones)

Question 33

Receptor Proteins

Answer 33

receive and respond to chemical signals

Question 34

Membrane Transporters

Answer 34

regulate passage of substances across cellular membranes

Question 35

Storage Proteins

Answer 35

store amino acids for later use

Question 36

Transport Proteins

Answer 36

bind and carry substances within the organism

Question 37

Gene Regulatory Proteins

Answer 37

determine the rate of expression of a gene

Question 38

Motor Proteins

Answer 38

cause movement of structures in the cell

Question 39

Gated Channel Protein

Answer 39

opens in response to a stimulus; transport protein that opens a "gate" to allow a molecule to pass through the membrane

Question 40

What are proteins composed of?

Answer 40

amino acids

Question 41

Hydrophobic

Answer 41

repels water

Question 42

Hydrophilic

Answer 42

mixes with water

Question 43

Amino Acid

Answer 43

a group of organic molecules consisting of a basic amino group, an acidic carboxyl group, and an organic R group (side chain)

Question 44

How do amino acids bond together?

Answer 44

bond together covalently in a condensation reaction by peptide linkages (peptide bonds)

Question 45

Hormones

Answer 45

endocrine signals that enter the blood and activate target cells; either bind to specific receptors on cell surfaces or diffuse through cell membrane to bind to internal receptors

Question 46

What can pass through hydrophobic lipid bilayer

Answer 46

small, uncharged molecules

Question 47

What cannot pass through lipid bilayer

Answer 47

large polar molecules

Question 48

How does a protein form?

Answer 48

one or more polypeptide chains fold into specific 3-D shapes