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BIO 120 > Genes & Central Dogma of Biology > Flashcards

Genes & Central Dogma of Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Gene

A

basic unit of genetic information; a segment of DNA that determines a trait

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2
Q

Where are genes located?

A

on chromosomes

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3
Q

Allele

A

alternate form of a gene

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4
Q

Homozygous

A

copies of an allele are the same

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5
Q

Heterozygous

A

copies of an allele are different

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6
Q

Expressed allele

A

dominant

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7
Q

Unexpressed allele

A

recessive

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8
Q

Non-sex-related chromosomes

A

autosomes

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9
Q

Sex-related chromosomes

A

sex chromosomes

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10
Q

Sex chromosomes determine

A

sex-linked traits

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11
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

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12
Q

Process from DNA to Protein

A

DNA –> transcription –> RNA –> translation –> Amino acids –> Protein folding –> Protein

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13
Q

Transcription

A

the process of copying a gene’s DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule; first step in gene expression

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14
Q

Translation

A

mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

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15
Q

Protein folding

A

a linear polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functioning 3-D structure

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16
Q

3 regions of a gene

A

(1) Promoter, (2) Transcribed region, (3) Termination site

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17
Q

Promoter

A

specifies where RNA Polymerase will begin transcription

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18
Q

Transcribed region

A

“RNA coding region”
-part that gets transcribed into RNA

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19
Q

Termination site

A

Region of DNA that tells the RNA polymerase when transcription should stop

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20
Q

Character

A

a recognizable feature controlled by genetics

21
Q

Trait

A

a version of a character

22
Q

Protein

A

large, complex molecule that does most of the work in cells; required for structure, function, and regulation of tissues and organs

23
Q

Polypeptide chain

A

single, unbranched chain of amino acid

24
Q

Proteins have different structural levels

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

25
Q

Primary structure

A

amino acid monomers join to form polypeptide chains

26
Q

Secondary structure

A

polypeptide chains may form alpha helices or beta pleated sheets

27
Q

Tertiary structure

A

polypeptides fold, creating specific shapes

28
Q

Quaternary structure

A

two or more polypeptides assemble to form larger protein molecules

29
Q

Enzymes

A

speed up (catalyze) biochemical reactions

30
Q

Structural Proteins

A

provide physical stability and movement

31
Q

Defensive Proteins

A

recognize and respond to nonself substances (ex: antibodies)

32
Q

Signaling Proteins

A

Control physiological processes (ex: hormones)

33
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

receive and respond to chemical signals

34
Q

Membrane Transporters

A

regulate passage of substances across cellular membranes

35
Q

Storage Proteins

A

store amino acids for later use

36
Q

Transport Proteins

A

bind and carry substances within the organism

37
Q

Gene Regulatory Proteins

A

determine the rate of expression of a gene

38
Q

Motor Proteins

A

cause movement of structures in the cell

39
Q

Gated Channel Protein

A

opens in response to a stimulus; transport protein that opens a “gate” to allow a molecule to pass through the membrane

40
Q

What are proteins composed of?

A

amino acids

41
Q

Hydrophobic

A

repels water

42
Q

Hydrophilic

A

mixes with water

43
Q

Amino Acid

A

a group of organic molecules consisting of a basic amino group, an acidic carboxyl group, and an organic R group (side chain)

44
Q

How do amino acids bond together?

A

bond together covalently in a condensation reaction by peptide linkages (peptide bonds)

45
Q

Hormones

A

endocrine signals that enter the blood and activate target cells; either bind to specific receptors on cell surfaces or diffuse through cell membrane to bind to internal receptors

46
Q

What can pass through hydrophobic lipid bilayer

A

small, uncharged molecules

47
Q

What cannot pass through lipid bilayer

A

large polar molecules

48
Q

How does a protein form?

A

one or more polypeptide chains fold into specific 3-D shapes

BIO 120 (3 decks)

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