Genes and Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

Where are chromosomes present?

A

In every cell of the human body - every living organism has a unique genetic make up

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2
Q

What cells don’t have 2 copies of every chromosome?

A

Gonads

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3
Q

Where is the information carried?

A

In our DNA

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4
Q

What is DNA?

A

Long-strands of ladder like structure
Double helix structure made from 2 chains
Discovered in 1050’s

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5
Q

What is the DNA wrapped around?

A

Proteins, which is condensed into chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell

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6
Q

What are the 2 chains of DNA made from?

A

Phosphate and deoxyribose (type of sugar)

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7
Q

What does DNA consist of?

A
4 nucleotide bases
adenine
thymine
cytosine
guanine

go in pairs: a&t and c&g
ladder formed of compliments of these

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8
Q

What does the genetic code consist of?

A

Chain of letters of all the nucleotide pairs together - it is that code which you unravel, and can read proteins from it - make cells determine what they will look like

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9
Q

What is the purpose of DNA?

A

To make the organism individual

some is coding but some is regulatory

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10
Q

How many genes are on human chromosomes?

A

Approx 23,000 genes

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11
Q

What are genes?

A

Long sequences of base pairs in the DNA which encode proteins

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12
Q

How are genes turned on?

A

Transcription factors

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13
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

Proteins which convert DNA to RNA - in the nucleus, the genes DNA is copied into messenger RNA

transcription factor turns on a gene, making a protein

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14
Q

When are transcription factors activated?

A

During development or by intracellular signalling cascades from other parts of the cell

different cells have characteristics expressed by different transcription factors - switch on the genes which are needed

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15
Q

How does the transcription factor bind to a gene? How does genes to protein happen?

A

The DNA partially unravels - transcription factor goes along and copies DNA sequence to make single stranded RNA. Makes proteins out of a chain of amino acids

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16
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

Only 20 but can make loads of proteins from the different genes

17
Q

What is translation?

A

A ribosome attaches to the mRNA and moves along the mRNA, reading each triplet codon (3 bases) and using transfer RNA’s to put together the amino acid chain to make a protein

18
Q

What is mitosis and meiosis examples of?

A

A form of cell division

19
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Somatic cells (cells in our bodies) replicate to make identical copies of the DNA. the cells divide into 2 and just keep dividing and dividing into identical copies

20
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Gametes - dividing to make the DNA content which is passed onto the next generations
when the chromosomes duplicate, the cells segregate and divide, so instead of being identical, have bits from maternal and paternal chromosomes

this is what makes you different from your mum and dad

21
Q

What are the haploids?

A

These are the gamete cells - sperm or egg

22
Q

What does crossing over mean in meiosis?

A

Homologeous recombination -nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA - allows genetic diversity, by mixing up what the chromosomes look like

23
Q

Why is homologous recombination important?

A

Allows for natural selection - need diversity, so if something happens in the environment, some people will be more favourable to it than others

24
Q

Why is our DNA different to our siblings?

A

We share 50% of parents genes but a different 50% - due to meiosis

25
Q

What is mendel’s law?

A

States that during the formation of reproductive cells (gametes), pairs of hereditary factors (genes) for a specific trait separate so that offspring receive one factor from each parent

26
Q

What are the two forms of genes?

A

Dominant and recessive

27
Q

What did mendel discover?

A

Inherited properties in pea plants - tall vs dwarf. there is a trait that is controlled by a single gene

28
Q

What is it called when genes are identical?

A

Homozygous - TT or dd

29
Q

What is called when genes aren’t identical?

A

Heterozygous - Td

30
Q

What are dominant vs recessive genes?

A

dominant allele - produces a dominant phenotype in individuals who have one copy of the allele, which can come from just one parent.

recessive allele to produce a recessive phenotype, the individual must have two copies, one from each parent.

an individual with one dominant and one recessive allele for a gene will have the dominant phenotype. They are generally considered “carriers” of the recessive allele: the recessive allele is there, but the recessive phenotype is not

31
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different forms of the same gene

specifies what form the gene takes

32
Q

How many alleles do each individual have?

A

2 for each trait

33
Q

What is a genotype?

A
The possible pairings of the alleles
so either: 
BB
bb
Bb
only concerned with the pairings
34
Q

What is phenotype?

A

The expression of the trait

e.g. blue eyes

35
Q

What is a gene?

A

Specifies for the trait

Sections of DNA

36
Q

How are the 2 strands of DNA helix held together?

A

By the nucleotide base pairs

37
Q

Where are chromosomes held?

A

In the nucleus of each cell