Genes and Proteins Flashcards
Where are chromosomes present?
In every cell of the human body - every living organism has a unique genetic make up
What cells don’t have 2 copies of every chromosome?
Gonads
Where is the information carried?
In our DNA
What is DNA?
Long-strands of ladder like structure
Double helix structure made from 2 chains
Discovered in 1050’s
What is the DNA wrapped around?
Proteins, which is condensed into chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell
What are the 2 chains of DNA made from?
Phosphate and deoxyribose (type of sugar)
What does DNA consist of?
4 nucleotide bases adenine thymine cytosine guanine
go in pairs: a&t and c&g
ladder formed of compliments of these
What does the genetic code consist of?
Chain of letters of all the nucleotide pairs together - it is that code which you unravel, and can read proteins from it - make cells determine what they will look like
What is the purpose of DNA?
To make the organism individual
some is coding but some is regulatory
How many genes are on human chromosomes?
Approx 23,000 genes
What are genes?
Long sequences of base pairs in the DNA which encode proteins
How are genes turned on?
Transcription factors
What are transcription factors?
Proteins which convert DNA to RNA - in the nucleus, the genes DNA is copied into messenger RNA
transcription factor turns on a gene, making a protein
When are transcription factors activated?
During development or by intracellular signalling cascades from other parts of the cell
different cells have characteristics expressed by different transcription factors - switch on the genes which are needed
How does the transcription factor bind to a gene? How does genes to protein happen?
The DNA partially unravels - transcription factor goes along and copies DNA sequence to make single stranded RNA. Makes proteins out of a chain of amino acids