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Genes and Behavior: Exam 2 > Genes and Enviornment > Flashcards

Genes and Enviornment Flashcards

1
Q

Which period in the lifespan is the most important in terms of growth, development, and potential effects of the environment?

A

The 9 months of the prenatal period

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2
Q

what is a teratogen?

A

something that can cause or raise the risk for a birth defect in a baby

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3
Q

what is a zygote?

A
  • about first two weeks
  • from fertilization to implantation into the wall of the uterus (does not allow teratogens to enter)
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4
Q

what is the embryonic period?

A

from implantation to about 10 weeks

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5
Q

what happens during embryonic period?

A
  • major point of construction
  • various support structures formed and all of the organ systems are laid down in at least a simple/basic fashion
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6
Q

what period is greatest in vulnerability to outside agents?

A

embryonic period

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7
Q

how big is the embryo at 14 days?

A

size of pinhead

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8
Q

what happens to the embryo at 17-20 days?

A

develops along its dorsal surface a neural plate

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9
Q

what is a neural plate?

A

is a sheet of cells that will ultimately
develop into the nervous system

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10
Q

what happens to the neural plate during development?

A

Forms into a neural groove and then closes—the neural tube

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11
Q

what happens if the neural tube doesn’t close?

A

Failure or ineffective closure of the neural tube causes neural tube defects

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12
Q

most common neural tube defect?

A

spina bifida in which there is an opening somewhere in the spinal column

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13
Q

cranial (head) of the embryo further differentiates by?

A
  • Proliferation of cells
  • migration of cells
  • Travel in massive waves and accumulate in an “inside-out” sequence
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14
Q

what is proliferation of cells?

A

An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division.

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15
Q

what are nueronal migration disorders caused by?

A

Faulty migration

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16
Q

Exogenous (vs endogenous) causes of faulty migration include?

A

nutritional deficiencies, viruses, chemicals, drugs/alcohol, medications, and exposure to radiation

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17
Q

what is Synaptogenesis?

A

the formation of synapses, the points of contact where information is transmitted between neurons.
(“neurons that fire together wire together”)

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18
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

“use it or lose it”
A type of cell death in which a series of molecular steps in a cell lead to its death.

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19
Q

what do apoptosis and Synaptogenesis lead to?

A

increased selectivity and efficiency of transmission of neural signal

20
Q

what is the fetal period?

A

(the last 7 months) Mostly a process of finishing the organ systems and continued synaptogenesis/apoptosis of the nervous system

21
Q

what happens in the postnatal enviornment?

A

continues and expands upon what happened during the prenatal period

22
Q

what are the three core concepts in early development?

A
  1. experiences build brain architecture
  2. serve & return interaction shapes brain circuity
  3. toxic stress derails healthy development
23
Q

when/ what happens during the brain growth spurt?

A

(about first 3 years) See dramatic synaptogenesis and neural pruning, Brain becomes increasingly specialized with experiences

24
Q

why are early years sensitive in brain development?

A

because certain experiences must occur for normal development to proceed

25
Q

examples of sensitivity in brain development?

A

visual perception in early infancy = cataract

26
Q

what do epigenetic factors attach to/mark ?

A

DNA

27
Q

what are epigenetics?

A

the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work

28
Q

what do epigenetics act like?

A

They act as chemical tags, indicating what, where, and when genes should be turned on or off

29
Q

when is it likely we are seeing an epigenetic effect?

A

when an event or change in environment has biological consequences that continue far beyond the event itself

30
Q

what are the two important mechanisms by which epigenetic effects occur?

A
  1. Methylation
  2. Histone modification
31
Q

what is Methylation?

A

addition of a methyl group to the DNA strand which prevents transcription factors from binding and switches the gene off

32
Q

what is Histone modification ?

A

addition of an acetyl group to the histone tails which results in loose packing of the nucleosomes and allows the gene to be expressed

33
Q

Examples of epigenetic effects associated with disease?

A
  • dutch hunger winter
  • Exposure to airborne benzene (found in gasoline) is associated with histone modification of a cancer-antigen gene
  • Chronic stress can cause methyl. of a gene which helps regulate stress hormone levels in brain
  • Children who experienced trauma or severe neglect/abuse at greater risk of depression as adults via methyl. of a gene which helps synthesize serotonin
  • The hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke cause methyl of a tumor suppressor gene
34
Q

genotype and environment?

A

Genes and environment are not separate factors that operate independently of each other — they are correlated

35
Q

what are the three ways that genotypes are correlated with environments?

A
  1. passive
  2. active
  3. evocative
36
Q

what are passive gene interactions?

A

Occurs when biological parents contribute both genes and the environment

37
Q

what are evocative gene interactions?

A

Occurs when genetically influenced behaviors/traits evoke consistent reactions from other people

38
Q

what are active gene interactions?

A

Occurs when a person with a particular genotype creates or seeks out a particular environment (or niche)

39
Q

passive plays a bigger role in?

A

lifespan

40
Q

evocative plays a bigger role in?

A

nothing, fairly constant influence

41
Q

active plays a bigger role in?

A

nothing, gradually assumes a bigger/more important role overall

42
Q

genotype- environment interaction?

A

When the effect of the environment on a phenotype depends on the genotype; or, when the effect of the genotype on a phenotype depends on the environment

43
Q

genotype- environment interaction involves?

A

genetic sensitivity, or susceptibility, to different environments—greater effect of genetic risk in a high risk environment

44
Q

Diathesis is?

A

genetic vulnerability/susceptibility

45
Q

Stressor is?

A

adverse event/conditions in environment

46
Q

what is diathesis stress model?

A

people at genetic risk for psychopathology are especially sensitive to the effects of stressful environments

Genes and Behavior: Exam 2 (3 decks)

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