Genes, Abs, random important Flashcards
genetic and abs info and random important facts
anti-GM1 abs
multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN)
Progressive asymmetric weakness
RX IVIG
and absent sensory deficits, except for minimal vibratory loss in the lower extremities.
wrist drop or hand weakness that spreads to the contralateral arm
Muscular atrophy occurs later in the course of disease.
Bulbar and respiratory muscles
and cranial nerves are typically spared.
focal demyelination and conduction block
Rx IVIG
patients do not respond well to corticosteroids or
plasmapheresis.
Kennedy’s Disease inheritance pattern
XLR
Dysferlin associated with what?
Miyoshi myopathy and LGMD 2B
Dysferlin on Ch 2p
Mr. Miyagi hanging from the limb of a tree with Lin-Emanual wearing a fur coat, holding a hen up to him to irritate him
DM 1 and 2 inheritance
AD
Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy: trigger?
Post- viral infection or
paraneoplastic syndrome
Dermatomyositis vs polymyositis distinguished by ___
characteristic skin rash
What vitamins cause toxicity?
A, D, B6 E
A toxicity:
- acute: nausea and vomiting
- chronic: teratogenic, Skin changes,
Bone and joint pain, Vision changes, Headache
Liver damage, Hair loss/coarse, Irritability, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, decreased appetite, and dizziness
D toxicity: bone pain and kidney problems, such as the formation of calcium stones
B6 toxicity: Sensory neuropathy, Ataxia, Painful skin lesions, Heartburn and nausea, Sensitivity to sunlight, Reduced ability to sense pain or extreme temperatures, Bone pains, Muscle weakness, Fasciculations, Loss of tendon reflexes
List the embryonic parts of the brain
What muscles and nerves control ankle inversion
Ankle inversion is the movement of turning the sole of the foot inward. This motion is controlled by specific muscles and nerves, as outlined below:
Primary Muscles Controlling Ankle Inversion
1. Tibialis Anterior
• Role: Primary inverter during dorsiflexion.
• Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve (L4-L5).
• Function: Acts strongly in dorsiflexion and inversion.
2. Tibialis Posterior
• Role: Primary inverter during plantarflexion.
• Innervation: Tibial nerve (L4-L5).
• Function: Provides inversion during plantarflexion and supports the arch of the foot.
3. Accessory Muscles:
• Extensor Hallucis Longus (EHL):
• Contributes weakly to inversion during dorsiflexion.
• Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve (L5-S1).
Nerves Involved in Ankle Inversion
1. Deep Peroneal Nerve
• Originates from the common peroneal nerve (L4-L5 roots).
• Innervates:
• Tibialis anterior
• Extensor hallucis longus
• Key Contribution: Dorsiflexion and inversion.
2. Tibial Nerve
• Originates from the sciatic nerve (L4-S3 roots).
• Innervates:
• Tibialis posterior
• Key Contribution: Plantarflexion and inversion.
Clinical Relevance
1. L4 Radiculopathy:
• Causes weakness in ankle inversion due to involvement of both tibialis anterior and posterior.
• May also lead to sensory loss over the medial leg and foot.
2. Peripheral Nerve Injuries:
• Deep peroneal nerve injury: Impairs tibialis anterior function, reducing inversion strength, especially during dorsiflexion.
• Tibial nerve injury: Impairs tibialis posterior function, reducing inversion strength during plantarflexion.
Testing inversion strength and evaluating associated reflexes (e.g., patellar reflex for L4) can help localize neurological dysfunction.
What muscles and nerves control ankle eversion
Ankle eversion is the movement of turning the sole of the foot outward. This motion is controlled by specific muscles and nerves, as outlined below:
Primary Muscles Controlling Ankle Eversion
1. Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus
• Role: Primary everter of the ankle.
• Innervation: Superficial peroneal nerve (L5-S1).
• Function: Stabilizes the lateral foot and supports the transverse arch of the foot during weight-bearing.
2. Fibularis (Peroneus) Brevis
• Role: Works alongside fibularis longus to evert the foot.
• Innervation: Superficial peroneal nerve (L5-S1).
• Function: Stabilizes the lateral foot and assists in eversion.
3. Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius
• Role: Weak everter; assists in eversion and dorsiflexion.
• Innervation: Deep peroneal nerve (L5-S1).
• Function: Supports eversion, especially during dorsiflexion.
Nerves Involved in Ankle Eversion
1. Superficial Peroneal Nerve
• Originates from the common peroneal nerve (L5-S1 roots).
• Innervates:
• Fibularis longus
• Fibularis brevis
• Key Contribution: Primary nerve for eversion.
2. Deep Peroneal Nerve
• Originates from the common peroneal nerve (L5-S1 roots).
• Innervates:
• Fibularis tertius (minor contributor to eversion).
• Key Contribution: Supports eversion during dorsiflexion.
Summary of Everting Muscles and Their Nerves
Muscle Primary Action Nerve Nerve Roots
Fibularis Longus Eversion, arch support Superficial peroneal nerve L5-S1
Fibularis Brevis Eversion, lateral stabilization Superficial peroneal nerve L5-S1
Fibularis Tertius Weak eversion, dorsiflexion Deep peroneal nerve L5-S1
Clinical Relevance
1. L5 and S1 Radiculopathy:
• L5 radiculopathy often causes weakness in eversion due to the involvement of the superficial peroneal nerve.
• S1 radiculopathy may also impair eversion, as it contributes to superficial peroneal nerve function.
2. Peripheral Nerve Injuries:
• Common peroneal nerve injury: Affects both superficial and deep peroneal branches, leading to significant weakness in eversion (along with foot drop).
• Superficial peroneal nerve injury: Specifically weakens eversion without affecting dorsiflexion.
3. Testing Eversion Strength:
• Resistance against eversion isolates these muscles and their associated nerves, aiding in clinical localization of nerve or root dysfunction.
By understanding the muscles and nerves controlling eversion, clinicians can better evaluate conditions like radiculopathies, peripheral neuropathies, or muscle injuries.
Ankle jerk reflects tests which nerve
S1
