Genes Flashcards
Genes that are sufficiently close together on a chromosome will tend to “stick together”, and the version (alleles) of those genes that are together on a chromosome will tend to be inherited as a pair more often than not.
Genetic linkage
Was one of the first scientist to discover that the inheritance of some traits do not follow the law of independent assortment.
William Bateson
Conducted experiments with sweet peas. They crossed plants that have purple flower and long pollen (dominant traits) with plants that have red flowers and round pollen ( recessive traits) that is PPLLxppll
William Bateson and Reginald punnet
An american biologist, found a similar contradiction against the law of independent assortment while studying fruit flies.
Thomas hunt morgan
According to him, when two genes are closely associated in the same chromosome, they do not assort independently.
Thomas hunt morgan
Totals of chromosomes that human have
46 chromosomes
How many pairs of chromosomes each parent
23
22 chromosomes are called?
Autosomes
Remaining one pair of chromosomes
Sex chromosomes
Gametes or sex cells are formed through?
Meiotic division
Female gametes is called?
Egg cell or ovum
Male gametes is called?
Spermatozoa
Is a diploid or has two sets of chromosomes
Zygote
Two kinds of sex chromosomes
X and Y chromosomes
Is any of the hereditary or genetic bleeding disorder that impair blood clotting processes, which prevent excessive blood loss when blood vessels are injured. Severe cases may cause bleeding that last for days or week
Hemophilia
Is a genetic condition that is characterized by the inability o identify color differences. Color blind persons are not blind, but they distinguish colors in a limited range of hues or may not see colors at all. One of the genes for color blind ness is located at the X chromosome
Color blindness
is the scientific study of genes and heredity of how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes in DNA sequence
Genetics
is a segment of DNA that contains instructions for building one or more molecules that help the body work
Gene
is related to the Greek word genos, which means “race, stock, or offspring.”
Gene
is chemically made up of a sequence of nucleotides, which are compounds that consist of a nitrogen containing base, the sugar deoxyribose, and phosphate.
Gene
a long chain of nucleotides, is a major component of chromosomes
Deoxyribonucleic Acid(DNA)
is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms has the same DNA
DNA
are the characteristics features of an individual. These may be visible, such as eye and hair color, or hidden, such as blood type.
Traits
Can be transmitted to the next generation if they are inherent in the organism and are not acquired from or caused by the environment
Traits
Traits that are common
High frequency traits
Genes can change and take on two or more alternative forms.
Allele
Simply the different forms of the same gene
Alleles
An allele for a trait that always appears on is expressed by several generation of a family of organisms
Dominant
An allele is _____ if it needs two compies to express a trait
Recessive
Individual that inherit two alleles for a trait
Heterozygous
Individual has the same alleles for a trait
Homozygous
The alleles for a trait are _______ when neither one is dominant over the other
Codominant
Father of genetics
Gregor Johann Mendel
Through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits
Gregor Johann Mendel
is a square diagram that is used to predict the genotype of a particular cross or bleeding experiment.
Punnett square
Named after Reginald C. Punnett
Punnett square
Used by biologist to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype
Diagram
Demonstrated by crossing pea plants with different characteristics that gametes combine randomly. He used a punnett square to predict the outcome of any genetic cross
Gregor Mendel
Refers to the genetic code of the individual. This is all the information that is found inside the individual cell
Genotype
is the expression of the genotype that is invisible to other people and can be observed
Phenotype
One is an exact copy of the other and each contains one DNA molecule
Two Identical Chromatids
Short arm structure
P arm
Constricted point of the chromosomes
Centromere
Long arm structure
q arm
Long string like DNA molecule formed into a compact structure by proteins called HISTONES
DNA MOLECULE
The term _____ comes from the Greek words chroma, which means “color” and soma , which means “body”
Chromosomes
is a structure found in the nucleus of cells and is made up of DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins, which serve as scaffolds or support
Chromosomes
A ___ can be straight or rod-shaped, twisted or spiral, curved, filamentous, or spherical
Chromosomes
A _____ is one of the two Identical strands of a replicated chromosomes
Chromatid
The ______ of a chromosome are linked by a centromere, which contains an assembled protein complex called a KINETOCHORE
Sister chromatids
Potential of genotype to vary within a population in response to genetic and environmental influences
Genetic variability
The reshuffling of the sequence of nucleotides.
Homologous recombination
Is a process by when which pieces of DNA are broken and recombined
Recombination
Is a process of breeding organisms of different species or varieties by bringing together varied set of alleles to facilitate species adaption
Hybridization
An offspring that result from a cross between two individuals that differ in at least one set of alleles is called?
Hybrid
Condition of having more than two homologous or paired set of chromosomes
Polyploidy
Introduce the idea of the origin of new genetic variability
Hugo de Vries
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of a gene
Genetic mutation
