Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gen. Bio Mendel And Gene Idea > Genes > Flashcards

Genes Flashcards

1
Q

What genetic principles account for the transmission of traits from parents to offspring?

A

•”blending” hypothesis

  • “particulate” hypothesis of inheritance: the gene idea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

One possible explanation of (blank) is a “(blank)” hypothesis

A

Heredity, blending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The idea that (blank) (blank) contributed by two parents mixes in a manner (blank) to the way blue and yellow paints blend to make green

A

Genetic, material, analogues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

An alternative to the blending model is the “(blank)” hypothesis of inheritance: the (blank)(blank)

A

Particulate, the gene idea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

An alternative to the blending model is the “particulate” hypothesis of inheritance: the gene idea

  • Parents pass on (blank) (blank) (blank), genes
A

Discrete heritable units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Documented a particulate mechanism of inheritance through his experiments with garden peas

A

Gregor Mendel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who is Gregor Mendel

A

Documented a particulate mechanism of inheritance through his experiments with garden peas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Concept 14.1:

A

Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance
Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity by doing what

A

By breeding garden peas in carefully planned experiments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mendel’s Experimental, (blank) (blank)

A

Quantitative approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why did Mendel choose to work with peas?

A

-Because they are available in many varieties
- Because he could strictly control which plants mated with which

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Crossing pea plants

APPLICATION

A

By crossing (mating) two true-breeding varieties of an organism, scientists can study patterns of inheritance. In this example, Mendel crossed pea plants that varied in flower color.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Crossing Pea plants
Technique

A

Step
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Crossing pea plants
Results

A

When pollen from a white flower fertilizes eggs of a purple flower, the first-generation hybrids all have purple flowers. The result is the same for the reciprocal cross, the transfer of pollen from purple flowers to white flowers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

a heritable feature, such as flower color

A

Character

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

a variant of a character, such as purple or white flowers

A

Trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mendel chose to track

  • Only those characters that varied in an “blank- blank” manner
A

‘either- or”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Mendel also made sure that

  • He started his experiments with varieties that were “blank-blank”
A

True breeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In a (blank) breeding experiment

  • Mendel mated two (blank), true-breeding varieties, a process called (blank)
A

Typical, contrasting, hybridization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The true-breeding parents

  • Are called the (blank) (blank)
A

P generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The hybrid offspring of the P generation .

  • Are called the (blank) (blank)
A

F,1 generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When F, individuals (blank-blank) .

  • The (blank) (blank) is produced
A

Self-pollinate, F₂ generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

• When Mendel crossed contrasting, true- breeding white and purple flowered pea plants

  • All of the offspring were purple

• When Mendel crossed the F, plants

  • Many of the plants had purple flowers, but some had white flowers
A

The Law of Segregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is The Law of Segregation?

A

Mendel’s law of segregation states that: “During the formation of gamete, each gene separates from each other so that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

When Mendel crossed contrasting, true- breeding white and purple flowered pea plants

A
  • All of the offspring were purple
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When Mendel crossed the F, plants

A
  • Many of the plants had purple flowers, but some had white flowers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mendel discovered

  • A ratio of about three to one, purple to white flowers, in the (blank) (blank)
A

F₂ generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mendel Discovered
Expirement

A

True-breeding purple-flowered pea plants and white-flowered pea plants were crossed (symbolized by x). The resulting F, hybrids were allowed to self-pollinate or were cross- pollinated with other F, hybrids. Flower color was then observed in the F, generation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Mendel Discovered
Results

A

Both purple-flowered plants and white- flowered plants appeared in the F generation. In Mendel’s experiment, 705 plants had purple flowers, and 224 had white flowers, a ratio of about 3 purple: 1 white.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Mendel Discovered
Photo

A

P generation explanation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Mendel reasoned that (1)

A
  • In the F, plants, only the purple flower factor was affecting flower color in these hybrids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Mendel reasoned that (2)

A

Purple flower color was dominant, and white flower color was recessive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Mendel observed the same pattern in many other (blank) (blank) (blank)

A

pea plant characters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

•Mendel developed a hypothesis

  • To explain the 3:1 inheritance pattern that he observed among the F₂ offspring

•Four related concepts make up this model

A

Mendel’s model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Mendel developed a hypothesis

  • To explain the (sentence blank)
A

3:1 inheritance pattern that he observed among the F₂ offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Mendel’s model
First, ( blank sentence)

A

alternative versions of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

First, alternative versions of genes

  • Account for variations in inherited characters, which are now called (blank)
A

Alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Mendel’s Model
Second, (blank sentence)

A

for each character

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Second, for each character (1)

A
  • An organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Second, for each character (2)

A

A genetic locus is actually represented twice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Mendel’s Model
Third, (blank sentence)

A

if the two alleles at a locus differ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Third, if the two alleles at a locus differ (1)

A

Then one, the dominant allele, determines the organism’s appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Third, if the two alleles at a locus differ (2)

A

The other allele, the recessive allele, has no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Mendel’s model
Fourth, (blank sentence)

A

the law of segregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Fourth, the law of segregation

A
  • The two alleles for a heritable character separate (segregate) during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Does Mendel’s segregation model account for the 3:1 ratio he observed in the F₂ generation of his numerous crosses?

A
  • We can answer this question using a Punnett square
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Mendel’s law of segregation, (blank) and the (blank) (blank)

A

Probability, punnett square

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Useful Genetic Vocabulary

• An organism that is (blank) for a particular gene

  • Has a pair of identical alleles for that gene - Exhibits true-breeding
A

homozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Useful Genetic Vocabulary

• An organism that is homozygous for a particular gene (1)

A

Has a pair of identical alleles for that gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Useful Genetic Vocabulary

• An organism that is homozygous for a particular gene (2)

A
  • Exhibits true-breeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Useful Genetic Vocabulary

An organism that is (blank) for a particular gene
- Has a pair of alleles that are different for that gene

A

heterozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Useful Genetic Vocabulary
An organism that is heterozygous for a particular gene (1)

A
  • Has a pair of alleles that are different for that gene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Useful Genetic Vocabulary
- Is its physical appearance

A

An organism’s phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Useful Genetic Vocabulary
- Is its genetic makeup

A

An organism’s genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Phenotype versus genotype (explain)

A

The genotype refers to the genetic material passed between generations, and the phenotype is observable characteristics or traits of an organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

In pea plants with purple flowers

  • The genotype is not immediately obvious
A

The Testcross

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

In pea plants with purple flowers

  • The (blank) is not immediately obvious
A

genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q
  • Allows us to determine the genotype of an organism with the dominant phenotype, but unknown genotype
  • Crosses an individual with the dominant phenotype with an individual that is homozygous recessive for a trait
A

A testcross

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

A testcross (1)

A

Allows us to determine the genotype of an organism with the dominant phenotype, but unknown genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

A testcross (2)

A
  • Crosses an individual with the dominant phenotype with an individual that is homozygous recessive for a trait
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

The testcross
APPLICATION

A

An organism that exhibits a dominant trait,

such as purple flowers in pea plants, can be either homozygous for the dominant allele or heterozygous. To determine the organism’s genotype, geneticists can perform a testcross

62
Q

The testcross
Technique

A

in a testcross, the individual with the

unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous individual expressing the recessive trait (white flowers in this example). By observing the phenotypes of the offspring resulting from this cross, we can deduce the genotype of the purple-flowered parent.

63
Q

The testcross photo analysis

A

analyzation

64
Q

•Mendel derived the law of segregation

By following a single trait

•The F, offspring produced in this cross

  • Were monohybrids, heterozygous for one character
A

The Law of Independent Assortment

65
Q

Mendel derived the law of segregation by (blank sentence)

A

following a single trait

66
Q

The Law of Independent Assortment
The F, offspring produced in this cross

  • Were (blank), (blank) for one character
A

monohybrids, heterozygous

67
Q

Mendel identified his second (blank) of (blank)

A

Law of inheritance

68
Q

Mendel identified his second law of inheritance

  • By (blank sentence)
A

following two characters at the same time

69
Q

Crossing two, (blank-blank) parents differing in two characters

  • Produces (blank) in the F, and generation, (blank) for both characters
A

true-breeding, dihybrids, heterozygous

70
Q

How are two characters transmitted from parents to offspring?

A
  • As a package?
  • Independently?
71
Q
  • Illustrates the inheritance of two characters
A

A dihybrid cross

72
Q

Produces four phenotypes in the F₂2 generation

A

A dihybrid cross

73
Q

A dihybrid cross
Produces four (blank) in the (blank) (blank)

A

phenotypes, F₂2 generation

74
Q

A dihybrid cross
Experiment

A

Two true-breeding pea plants-

one with yellow-round seeds and the other with green -wrinkled seeds were crossed, producing dihybrid F, plants. Self-pollination of the F, dihybrids, which are heterozygous for both characters, produced the F generation. The two hypotheses predict different phenotypic ratios. Note that yellow color (Y) and round shape (R) are dominant.

75
Q

A dihybrid cross
Conclusion

A

The results support the hypothesis of independent assortment. The alleles for seed color and seed shape sort into gametes independently of each other.

76
Q

A dihybrid cross
Photo analysis

77
Q

Concept (blank): The laws of probability govern Mendelian inheritance

78
Q

Concept 14.2:

A

The laws of probability govern Mendelian inheritance

79
Q

Reflect the rules of probability

A

Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment

80
Q

The (blank) and (blank) Rules Applied to (blank) (blank)

A

Multiplication, addition, Monohybrid Crosses

81
Q
  • States that the probability that two or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities
A

• The multiplication rule

82
Q

Can be determined using this rule

A

Probability in a monohybrid cross

83
Q
  • States that the probability that any one of two or more exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities
A

The rule of addition

84
Q

Solving Complex Genetics Problems with the (blank) of (blank)

A

Rules of Probability

85
Q
  • To predict the outcome of crosses involving multiple characters
A

• We can apply the rules of probability

86
Q
  • Is equivalent to two or more independent monohybrid crosses occurring simultaneously
A

A dihybrid or other multicharacter cross

87
Q

In calculating the chances for various (blank) from such (blank)

  • Each character first is considered separately and then the individual probabilities are (blank) together
A

genotypes, crosses, multiplied

88
Q

Concept 14.3:

A

Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics

89
Q

Inheritance patterns are often more complex than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics

A

Concept 14.3:

90
Q

Concept 14.3: (2)

A

The relationship between genotype and phenotype is rarely simple

91
Q

Extending (blank) (blank) for a Single Gene

A

Mendelian Genetics

92
Q

Extending Mendelian Genetics for a Single Gene

• The inheritance of characters by a single gene
-(sentence)

A

May deviate from simple Mendelian patterns

93
Q

The Spectrum of Dominance

Occurs when the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical

A

Complete dominance

94
Q

The Spectrum of Dominance

Two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

A

In codominance

95
Q

The Spectrum of Dominance
- Is an example of codominance

A

The human blood group MN

96
Q

The phenotype of F, hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties

A

In incomplete dominance

97
Q

The Spectrum of Dominance
The Relation Between (blank) and (blank)

A

Dominance, Phenotype

98
Q

-Do not really “interact”

  • Lead to synthesis of different proteins that produce a phenotype
A

Dominant and recessive alleles

99
Q

Dominant and recessive alleles (1)

A

-Do not really “interact”

100
Q

Dominant and recessive alleles (2)

A

Lead to synthesis of different proteins that produce a phenotype

101
Q

The Spectrum of Dominance
Frequency of (blank) (blank)

A

Dominant Alleles

102
Q
  • Occurs when the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical
A

Complete dominance

103
Q
  • Are not necessarily more common in populations than recessive alleles
A

Dominant alleles

104
Q

Most genes exist in populations

A

Multiple Alleles

105
Q

Most genes exist in populations

  • In more than two (blank) (blank)
A

allelic, forms

106
Q

Is determined by multiple alleles

A

The ABO blood group in humans

107
Q

A gene has multiple phenotypic effects

A

pleiotropy

108
Q

In pleiotropy, A gene has multiple (blank) effects

A

phenotypic

109
Q

Some traits
- May be (blank sentence)

A

determined by two or more genes

110
Q
  • A gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus
A

In epistasis

111
Q

In epistasis

  • A gene at one (blank) alters the (blank) expression of a gene at a (blank) locus
A

locus, phenotypic, second

112
Q

example of epistasis

113
Q

Polygenic Inheritance (1)

A

Many human characters

114
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

• Many human characters

  • Vary in the population along a (blank) and are called (blank) (blank)
A

continuum, quantitative, characters

115
Q

Polygenic Inheritance
- An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype

A

Quantitative variation usually indicates polygenic inheritance

116
Q

Nature and Nurture: The Environmental Impact on (blank)

117
Q

Another departure from simple (blank) (blank) (blank)
- When the phenotype for a character depends on environment as well as on genotype

A

Mendelian genetics arises

118
Q
  • Is the phenotypic range of a particular genotype that is influenced by the environment
A

The norm of reaction

119
Q
  • Are those that are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors
A

Multifactorial characters

120
Q
  • Are those that are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors
A

Multifactorial characters

121
Q

Integrating a (blank) View of (blank) and (blank)

A

Mendelian, Heredity, Variation

122
Q
  • Includes its physical appearance, internal anatomy, physiology, and behavior
  • Reflects its overall genotype and unique

environmental history

A

An organism’s phenotype

123
Q

An organism’s phenotype (1)

A
  • Includes its physical appearance, internal anatomy, physiology, and behavior
124
Q

An organism’s phenotype (2)

A
  • Reflects its overall genotype and unique environmental history
125
Q

Even in more complex (blank) (blank)
- Mendel’s fundamental laws of (blank) and (blank) (blank) still apply

A

inheritance patterns, segregation, independent assortment

126
Q

Concept 14.4:

A

Many human traits follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance

127
Q

Many human traits follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance

A

Concept 14.4:

128
Q

(Blank) are not convenient subjects for genetic research

  • However, the study of (blank) (blank) continues to advance
A

Humans, human genetics

129
Q
  • Is a family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations
A

A pedigree

130
Q

Inheritance (blank) of particular traits

  • Can be traced and described using (blank)
A

patterns, pedigrees

131
Q

Can also be used to make predictions about future offspring

132
Q

Many genetic disorders
- Are inherited in a (blank) (blank)

A

recessive manner

133
Q
  • Show up only in individuals homozygous for the allele
A

Recessively inherited disorders

134
Q

Recessively inherited disorders

  • Show up only in individuals (blank) for the (blank)
A

homozygous, allele

135
Q
  • Are heterozygous individuals who carry the recessive allele but are phenotypically normal
136
Q

Symptoms of cystic fibrosis include:

A
  • Mucus buildup in the some internal organs
  • Abnormal absorption of nutrients in the small intestine
137
Q

-Affects one out of 400 African-Americans

  • Is caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein in red blood cells
A

Sickle-Cell Disease

138
Q

Sickle-Cell Disease
Is caused by the (blank) of a single (blank) (blank) in the (blank) (blank) in red blood cells

A

substitution, amino acid, hemoglobin protein

139
Q

Sickle-Cell Disease
Symptoms include

A
  • Physical weakness, pain, organ damage, and even paralysis
140
Q

Matings between relatives

  • Can increase the (blank sentence)
A

probability of the appearance of a genetic disease

141
Q

Mating of Close Relatives
Are called (blank) (blank)

A

consanguineous matings

142
Q

Some human disorders

  • Are due to (blank) (blank)
A

dominant alleles

143
Q

Dominantly Inherited Disorders
Example: A form of dwarfism that is lethal when homozygous for the dominant allele

A

achondroplasia

144
Q

Dominantly Inherited Disorders
- Is a degenerative disease of the nervous system
-Has no obvious phenotypic effects until about 35 to 40 years of age

A

Huntington’s disease

145
Q

Multifactorial Disorders
Many human diseases
- Have both (blank) and (blank)
components

A

genetic, environmental

146
Q

Many human diseases

  • Have both genetic and environment

components

• Examples include

A

Heart disease and cancer

147
Q

Genetic Testing and Counseling
- Can provide information to prospective parents concerned about a family history for a specific disease

A

Genetic counselors

148
Q

Counseling Based on Mendelian Genetics and Probability Rules

  • Genetic counselors help couples determine the odds that their children will have genetic disorders
A

Using family histories

149
Q

Tests for Identifying Carriers

  • Tests are available that identify carriers and help define the odds more accurately
A

For a growing number of diseases

150
Q

Fetal Testing
- The liquid that bathes the fetus is removed and tested

A

In amniocentesis

151
Q

Fetal Testing
A sample of the placenta is removed and tested

A

In chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

152
Q

Some genetic disorders can be detected at birth
- By simple tests that are now routinely performed in most hospitals in the United States

A

Newborn Screening

Gen. Bio Mendel And Gene Idea (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions