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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM > Generalities Of Endocrine System > Flashcards

Generalities Of Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Secretory products of ductless glands

Elicit responses s/a physiological, morphological, biochemical

A

Hormones

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2
Q

1,25-dihyroxycholecalciferol

A

Kidney

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3
Q

25-hydroxycholecalciferol

IFG I

A

Liver

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4
Q

General functions of hormones

A
  • Regulate existing fundamental bodily processes but do not initiate cellular reactions de novo • No nutritive role in responsive tissues
  • Not incorporated as a structural moiety into another molecule
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5
Q

modulate energy-producing processes and regulate the circulating levels of energy
yielding substrates

A

Hormones

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6
Q

Three major classes are

A

o Steroids
o Proteins and polypeptides
o Amino acid derivatives

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7
Q

None of these are known to function as hormones

A

polysaccharides or nucleic acids

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8
Q

Secreted into the circulation in extremely low concentrations

A

o Peptide hormones (10^-10-12 mol/L)

o Epinephrine and norepinephrine (2 x
10^-10 and 13 x 10^-10 mol/L
respectively)

o Steroid and thyroid hormone (10^-9 and 10^-6 mol/L, respectively)

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9
Q

Time interval between the application of a stimulus and a response

A

Latent Period

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10
Q

Can be as shorter than a second to as long as hours and days

A

Latent Period

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11
Q

Occurs by proteolytic cleavage of peptide hormones or by enzymatic conversion of steroids and thyroid hormones at site beyond the site of secretion

A

Post secretory modification of hormones

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12
Q

Post secretory modification of hormones occurs in

A

the liver, kidney, fat, bloodstream as well as in the target tissues

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13
Q

It protects the hormones against clearance by the kidneys, slows the rate of degradation by the liver, and provides a circulating reserve of hormones

A

The binding of serum proteins to hormones

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14
Q

Only what hormones pass through capillaries to produce their effects or to be degraded?

A

unbound hormones

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15
Q

are short-lived in the circulation

A

peptide hormones

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16
Q

have a significantly longer half-life

A

steroids

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17
Q

Hormone inactivation occurs in the

A

liver and kidney

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18
Q

Rate of hormone secretion is usually determined by the rate of

A

exocytosis

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19
Q

tripeptide

A

TRH

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20
Q

243 amino acid residues

A

hCG

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21
Q 
• Consist of about 200 amino acid  
residues 
• Vary from 23000 – 25000 Daltons 
• Ave MW of amino acid residue =  
120 D
A

Pituitary tropic hormones

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22
Q

prohormones

A

GH and PRL

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23
Q

A prohormone complex that contains peptide hormone moieties including ACTH, melanotropin, lipotropin and endorphins

A

POMC

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24
Q

Ectoderm

A

pituitary gland,

tuberoinfundibular, supraoptic and PVN

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25
Q

Endoderm

A

pancreatic islets of Langerhans, parathyroid glands

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26
Q

Half life

A
I
P
A
L
F
A 
o ADH -  < 1 min 
o Insulin  - 7 minutes 
o PRL – 12 minutes 
o ACTH – 12 – 25 minutes 
o LH 15 – 45 minutes 
o FSH – 180 minutes
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27
Q

Storage and secretion

A 
o Neural Crest (Adrenal Medulla) 
o Endoderm (thyroid gland)
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28
Q

Half life

E
N
T3
T4

A

o Epinephrine – 10 seconds
o Norepinephrine – 15 seconds
o T3 – 1 day
o T4 – 7 days

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29
Q

Consist of 3 cyclohexyl + 1 cyclopentyl rings

A

Steroid

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30
Q

Vitamin hormones, lack a B-ring and
therefore, consist of 2 cyclohexyl rings
and 1 cyclopentyl ring

A

Secosteroids

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31
Q

first and rate-limiting step

A

Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone

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32
Q

Half Life

A
C
1
25

A

o Aldosterone – 30 minutes
o Cortisol – 90- 100 minutes
o 1,25 (OH) D3 – 15 hours
o 25 (OH) D3 – 15 days

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33
Q

Transduction occurs after activation of

A

adenyl cyclase

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34
Q

Approximately how many receptors exist on the surface of a polypeptide hormone
target cell

A

10^4 – 10^5

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35
Q

Polypeptide hormones that are known to enter the cells

A

insulin, PRL, PTH and

Gonadotropins

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36
Q

stimulate glycogenolysis and inhibit glycogenesis

A

Glucagon and epinephrine

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37
Q

inhibit glycogenolysis and stimulate glycogenesis

A

Insulin

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38
Q

Involves local diffusion of a peptide or other regulatory molecule to its target cell through the interstitium

A

Paracrine Communication

Example
▪ Somatostatin
▪ Gut hormones (Gastrin, somatostatin,
substance P)

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39
Q

Involves the release of chemical messenger from nerve terminals

A

Neurocrine Communication

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40
Q

The substance may reach their target cells via one of three routes

A

o Released directly into the intercellular
space, cross the synaptic junction
o Via a gap junction
o Released into the blood

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41
Q

a term used to designate a compound that is synthesized at, or close to, its site of action

A

Autacoid

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42
Q

Highest in the morning reaching nadir in the between midnight and 2 AM

A

Cortisol

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43
Q

Matter and energy flow into the system
at a rate equal to that at which matter and
energy flow out of the system

A

Dynamic equilibrium

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44
Q

The secretory activity of the anterior lobe is controlled by the hypothalamic hormones, which are secreted into the

A

hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system

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45
Q

is a specialized area of the hypothalamus located beneath the inferior portion of the third ventricle. It is a release center for the hypophysiotropic hormones

A

median eminence

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46
Q

which emanates from the superior hypophysial artery, forms a set of long portal veins that carry blood downward into the anterior lobe

A

primary capillary plexus

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47
Q

which give rise to the
secondary capillary plexus, constitute about 90% of the blood supply to the cells of the anterior lobe. The secondary capillary plexus drains into the dural sinus

A

portal veins

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48
Q

receives its remaining blood from the short portal veins, which originate in the capillary plexus of the inferior hypophysial artery at the base of the infundibular stem

A

anterior lobe

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49
Q

Refers to the neurosecretory system of the
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, which
together form the supraopticohypophysial tract

A

Magnocellular Neurosecretory System

- ADH and oxytocin

50
Q

Refers to the neurosecretory system of the tuberoinfundibular tract

Arcuate nucleus

A

Parvicellular Neurosecretory System

  • NorE, dopamine,
    serotonin
51
Q

Stimuli: Monoamines

Terminus: Median eminence, upper infundibular stem

A

Parvicellular Neurosecretory System

52
Q

Terminus: Pars nervosa
(infundibular
process)

Stimuli: ACh

A

Magnocellular Neurosecretory System

53
Q

stimulates the release of ADH and oxytocin

A

ACh

54
Q

inhibits the secretion of ADH and oxytocin

A

NorE

55
Q

PREGANGLIONIC FIBERS

A

Epinephrine

56
Q

POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS

A

Melatonin

Renin

57
Q

Neural control of endocrine tissues occurs in three ways

A
  • Direct innervation of autonomic secretor
    neurons
  • Magnocellular neurosecretory regulation of the posterior lobe
  • Parvicellular neurosecretory regulation of the anterior lobe
58
Q

Magnocellular Neurosecretory Regulation of the Posterior Lobe

A

• Depolarization of the magnocellular
neurosecretory cells by ACh released at synapses on the cell bodies of these neurons causes the release of ADH and oxytocin
• The axons of these neurons terminate directly on the blood vessels of the posterior lobe, but they do not innervate the vessels
• The neural inputs to the cell bodies of the magnocellular neurons is cholinergic, and the hormonal output consists of peptide hormones

59
Q

Parvicellular Neurosecretory Regulation of the Anterior Lobe

A

• The anterior lobe lacks a direct nerve supply, but the pituitary gland does possess an innervation - The neurons in the anterior lobe are exclusively postganglionic sympathetic, which are vasomotor fibers and not secretomotor fibers
• The neural inputs to the cell bodies of the magnocellular neurons is cholinergic, and the hormonal output consists of peptide hormones
• The hypothalamic regulation of the anterior lobe is achieved through the tuberohypophysial neurons of the medial basal hypothalamus
• These peptidergic neurons synthesize and secrete specific hypophysiotropic hormones, which enter the hypophysial portal system and
stimulate/inhibit the secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones

60
Q

cause their effects in immediate vicinity of their release (ACh, secretin, pancreozymin, CCK)

A

Local hormone

61
Q

cause physiological actions at distant parts

o Few, affect all or almost all cells of the body (GH, TH)

o Others affects specific tissues far more than other tissues (ACTH, ovarian hormones)

A

General hormone

62
Q

cAMP Pathways

A 
o ACTH 
o ADH 
o Angiotensin II
o Calcitonin 
o Catecholamines 
o Corticotropin RH 
o FSH 
o Glucagon 
o hCG 
o LH 
o PTH 
o Secretin 
o TSH
63
Q

Cell Membrane PL Pathways

Phospholipase C

A 
o Angiotensin II 
o Catecholamines 
o GnRH 
o GHRH 
o Oxytocin 
o TRH 
o ADH
64
Q

secretes calcitonin

A

C cells = parafollicular cells

65
Q

Secreted in response to increased plasma calcium

Decreases plasma calcium mainly by
decreasing bone reabsorption and
increasing bone resorption

A

Calcitonin

66
Q

o Synthesizes and secretes thyroglobulin
(protein of colloid) to center of follicle
o Phagocytosis and degradation of colloid releases thyroid hormone to interstitium

A

Follicular cells

67
Q

Increases the metabolic rate

A

Thyroid hormone

68
Q

Beta (B) cells secrete

A

insulin
o Decreases plasma glucose by increasing
movement of glucose into cells and its
metabolic utilization; inhibits metabolism of lipids

69
Q

Alpha (A) cells secrete

A

glucagon
o Increase plasma glucose by increasing
synthesis and release of glucose by the liver

70
Q

o Released in response to decreased plasma calcium

o Increases plasma calcium

A

Parathyroid hormone

71
Q

o Secreted in response to increased plasma calcium

o Decreases plasma calcium

A

Calcitonin from the thyroid gland

72
Q

A prohormone complex that contains peptide hormone moieties including ACTH, melanotropin, lipotropin and endorphins

A

POMC

73
Q

Ectoderm

A

pituitary gland,

tuberoinfundibular, supraoptic and PVN

74
Q

Endoderm

A

pancreatic islets of Langerhans, parathyroid glands

75
Q

Half life

A
I
P
A
L
F
A 
o ADH -  < 1 min 
o Insulin  - 7 minutes 
o PRL – 12 minutes 
o ACTH – 12 – 25 minutes 
o LH 15 – 45 minutes 
o FSH – 180 minutes
76
Q

Storage and secretion

A 
o Neural Crest (Adrenal Medulla) 
o Endoderm (thyroid gland)
77
Q

Half life

E
N
T3
T4

A

o Epinephrine – 10 seconds
o Norepinephrine – 15 seconds
o T3 – 1 day
o T4 – 7 days

78
Q

Consist of 3 cyclohexyl + 1 cyclopentyl rings

A

Steroid

79
Q

Vitamin hormones, lack a B-ring and
therefore, consist of 2 cyclohexyl rings
and 1 cyclopentyl ring

A

Secosteroids

80
Q

first and rate-limiting step

A

Conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone

81
Q

Half Life

A
C
1
25

A

o Aldosterone – 30 minutes
o Cortisol – 90- 100 minutes
o 1,25 (OH) D3 – 15 hours
o 25 (OH) D3 – 15 days

82
Q

Transduction occurs after activation of

A

adenyl cyclase

83
Q

Approximately how many receptors exist on the surface of a polypeptide hormone
target cell

A

10^4 – 10^5

84
Q

Polypeptide hormones that are known to enter the cells

A

insulin, PRL, PTH and

Gonadotropins

85
Q

stimulate glycogenolysis and inhibit glycogenesis

A

Glucagon and epinephrine

86
Q

inhibit glycogenolysis and stimulate glycogenesis

A

Insulin

87
Q

Involves local diffusion of a peptide or other regulatory molecule to its target cell through the interstitium

A

Paracrine Communication

Example
▪ Somatostatin
▪ Gut hormones (Gastrin, somatostatin,
substance P)

88
Q

Involves the release of chemical messenger from nerve terminals

A

Neurocrine Communication

89
Q

The substance may reach their target cells via one of three routes

A

o Released directly into the intercellular
space, cross the synaptic junction
o Via a gap junction
o Released into the blood

90
Q

a term used to designate a compound that is synthesized at, or close to, its site of action

A

Autacoid

91
Q

Highest in the morning reaching nadir in the between midnight and 2 AM

A

Cortisol

92
Q

Matter and energy flow into the system
at a rate equal to that at which matter and
energy flow out of the system

A

Dynamic equilibrium

93
Q

The secretory activity of the anterior lobe is controlled by the hypothalamic hormones, which are secreted into the

A

hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system

94
Q

is a specialized area of the hypothalamus located beneath the inferior portion of the third ventricle. It is a release center for the hypophysiotropic hormones

A

median eminence

95
Q

which emanates from the superior hypophysial artery, forms a set of long portal veins that carry blood downward into the anterior lobe

A

primary capillary plexus

96
Q

which give rise to the
secondary capillary plexus, constitute about 90% of the blood supply to the cells of the anterior lobe. The secondary capillary plexus drains into the dural sinus

A

portal veins

97
Q

receives its remaining blood from the short portal veins, which originate in the capillary plexus of the inferior hypophysial artery at the base of the infundibular stem

A

anterior lobe

98
Q

Refers to the neurosecretory system of the
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, which
together form the supraopticohypophysial tract

A

Magnocellular Neurosecretory System

- ADH and oxytocin

99
Q

Refers to the neurosecretory system of the tuberoinfundibular tract

Arcuate nucleus

A

Parvicellular Neurosecretory System

  • NorE, dopamine,
    serotonin
100
Q

Stimuli: Monoamines

Terminus: Median eminence, upper infundibular stem

A

Parvicellular Neurosecretory System

101
Q

Terminus: Pars nervosa
(infundibular
process)

Stimuli: ACh

A

Magnocellular Neurosecretory System

102
Q

stimulates the release of ADH and oxytocin

A

ACh

103
Q

inhibits the secretion of ADH and oxytocin

A

NorE

104
Q

PREGANGLIONIC FIBERS

A

Epinephrine

105
Q

POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS

A

Melatonin

Renin

106
Q

Neural control of endocrine tissues occurs in three ways

A
  • Direct innervation of autonomic secretor
    neurons
  • Magnocellular neurosecretory regulation of the posterior lobe
  • Parvicellular neurosecretory regulation of the anterior lobe
107
Q

Magnocellular Neurosecretory Regulation of the Posterior Lobe

A

• Depolarization of the magnocellular
neurosecretory cells by ACh released at synapses on the cell bodies of these neurons causes the release of ADH and oxytocin
• The axons of these neurons terminate directly on the blood vessels of the posterior lobe, but they do not innervate the vessels
• The neural inputs to the cell bodies of the magnocellular neurons is cholinergic, and the hormonal output consists of peptide hormones

108
Q

Parvicellular Neurosecretory Regulation of the Anterior Lobe

A

• The anterior lobe lacks a direct nerve supply, but the pituitary gland does possess an innervation - The neurons in the anterior lobe are exclusively postganglionic sympathetic, which are vasomotor fibers and not secretomotor fibers
• The neural inputs to the cell bodies of the magnocellular neurons is cholinergic, and the hormonal output consists of peptide hormones
• The hypothalamic regulation of the anterior lobe is achieved through the tuberohypophysial neurons of the medial basal hypothalamus
• These peptidergic neurons synthesize and secrete specific hypophysiotropic hormones, which enter the hypophysial portal system and
stimulate/inhibit the secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones

109
Q

cause their effects in immediate vicinity of their release (ACh, secretin, pancreozymin, CCK)

A

Local hormone

110
Q

cause physiological actions at distant parts

o Few, affect all or almost all cells of the body (GH, TH)

o Others affects specific tissues far more than other tissues (ACTH, ovarian hormones)

A

General hormone

111
Q

cAMP Pathways

A 
o ACTH 
o ADH 
o Angiotensin II
o Calcitonin 
o Catecholamines 
o Corticotropin RH 
o FSH 
o Glucagon 
o hCG 
o LH 
o PTH 
o Secretin 
o TSH
112
Q

Cell Membrane PL Pathways

Phospholipase C

A 
o Angiotensin II 
o Catecholamines 
o GnRH 
o GHRH 
o Oxytocin 
o TRH 
o ADH
113
Q

secretes calcitonin

A

C cells = parafollicular cells

114
Q

Secreted in response to increased plasma calcium

Decreases plasma calcium mainly by
decreasing bone reabsorption and
increasing bone resorption

A

Calcitonin

115
Q

o Synthesizes and secretes thyroglobulin
(protein of colloid) to center of follicle
o Phagocytosis and degradation of colloid releases thyroid hormone to interstitium

A

Follicular cells

116
Q

Increases the metabolic rate

A

Thyroid hormone

117
Q

Beta (B) cells secrete

A

insulin
o Decreases plasma glucose by increasing
movement of glucose into cells and its
metabolic utilization; inhibits metabolism of lipids

118
Q

Alpha (A) cells secrete

A

glucagon
o Increase plasma glucose by increasing
synthesis and release of glucose by the liver

119
Q

o Released in response to decreased plasma calcium

o Increases plasma calcium

A

Parathyroid hormone

120
Q

o Secreted in response to increased plasma calcium

o Decreases plasma calcium

A

Calcitonin from the thyroid gland

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (6 decks)

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