Generalities Flashcards
What is the nucleosome core? What is it mostly made of? What is not in the nucleosome core?
What is Heterochromatin? What is Euchromatin? What does Histone Acetylation do?
The thing DNA wraps around. Histone. H1.
Highly Condensed inactive portions of DNA. “True” DNA where it is less condensed and can be transcribed. Relaxes the coils of DNA => Activating it for transcription
What are the Purines? What are the Pyrimidines? What is the strongest bond? What is the precursor to Pyrimidines?
(PURe As Gold) Adenine and Guanine, smaller name but bigger molecules. (CUT the PY) Cytosine, Uridine, Thymidine. G-C. Orotic acid (Erotic Pie)
How is DNA (proof)read? How is DNA created? How is mRNA read? What starts protein synthesis? What stops protein synthesis?
What gets spliced out? What is the standard portion of tRNA? What end is it on? What else goes on there? What goes on the opposite end?
What are the Ribosomal subunits for Eukaryotes? Prokaryotes? What are the the functional sites of the ribosome?
3’ => 5’ (Read the landscape paddling UP stream). 5’ => 3’ (Draw a painting DOWN stream). 5’ => 3’ (mRNA is a negative of DNA). AUG (InAUGurates the creation). UAG UAA UGA (Ugly Ass Gets you to leave)
introns. CCA (Can Carry Acids). 3’. Polyadenylation tail. Guanosine cap at 5’
Even; 40S/60S = 80S. Odd; 30S/50S = 70S. Aminoacyl-tRNA site, Peptide growth site, Empty or Exit site (Go APEshit and fling poo around until you make a protein)
What is COP I? COP II? Clathrin?
retrograde vesicular trafficking marker = Golgi => ER. anterograde vesicular trafficking marker = ER => Golgi. Miscellaneous vesicular trafficking marker (COP # 1 brings you back to police department to be made a better member of society. COP # 2 lets you out and packages you for society. Luckily Miss Clathrin waited and will take you anywhere)
What are the 3 cytoskeletal elements and their function? What are the 5 cell structural components and which cell are they used?
Actin/myosin = movement, Microtubule = spindles, and Intermediate filaments = Structure. Vimentin (Cementin tissues together) = Connective tissue, Desmin (Desmond the body builder) = Muscle, Cytokeratin = Epithelial cells, GFAP (FAP on the nerves) = Neuroglia, and Neurofilaments = Neurons
Where are the first 4 Collagen types used?
Type 1 = most common in Bone, Skin, and Tendons. Type 2 = CarTWOlage. Type 3 = Reticulin in strong yet squishy things (skin/uterus/granulations). Type 4 = Basement membrane; under the “Floor”.Be (So Totally) Cool, and Read Books.
What do Southern/Northern/Western blots detect? What is Pleiotropy? What is Imprinting? What is Anticipation (genetically)?
What is Mosaicism? What are the “two” Hardy-Weinberg equations? What is p2? What is the significance of the trait being X-linked recessive?
SNoW DRoP. Southern = DNA, Northern = RNA, Western = Protein. 1 gene has > 1 Phenotype. When male/female chromosome is activated/deactivated (like werewolves in twilight). When a trait gets worse with every generation (I.E. Huntington’s)
different cells in the same body have different genetics. p+q = 1 and p2 + 2pq +q2 = 1 (1st one squared). Frequency of homozygosity. q = frequency of males with it and q2 = frequency of females with it
What are the Fat soluble vitamins? What are the B vitamins/what do they do?
KADE (Fat friend that works at GNC). 1 = thiamine, 2 = riboflavin (FAD/FMN), 3 = niacin (NAD), 5 (pento) = panthothenic Acid (CoA), 6 = pyridoxine (can become others), 7 = Biotin, 8 = Inositol, 9 = Folic acid and 12 = cobalamin (stays in liver).
Boy howdy do Thai men make Ribs of flavor Ni**cely! They lack _**nothing**, but if they have **C****o**_mpany**A**fterwards; they’ll grab a**Pan**and**then**make**P**ie to get**rid**of ‘xtra room in stomach. If you’re lucky and have some left, put it in a**Bio tin**.**I no sit** at all after that, so **Fol ic** hurt. After 12 hours _Co_rbin **Balam** **in digestional distress.
What clotting factors does vitamin K create? What is PFK-2?
remember 1972 (II, VII, IX, X) created Cunts and Sluts (C and S). Molecule that’s use is very similar to insulin.
What is in the urea cycle (Start/in/out)? Which one is the most common deficit and inheritance pattern? Which one is used for NH4+?
Ornithine (most common deficit XR), Carbamoyl phosphate (added in), Citrulline, Aspartate (used for NH4+), Arginosuccinate, Fumarate (Leaves), Arginine, Urea (leaves), and repeat
_Orn_ery _Carb_s _C_ituate in your lungs by Aspiration while _Arg_uing or _Suc_king. Making you _Fum_e, say Arg, and Urinate your pants.
What does Phenylalanine become? Where does Melatonin come from?
Tyrosine (Tyrone is black, dope, has high metabolism, and is athletic) => Thyroxine (T4) or Dopa => Melanin (color) or Dopamine => NE => Epinephrine (First you’re dope, then athletic with a litte extra, and finally a lean mean fighting machine)
Tryptophan/BH4 => Serotonin => Melatonin (Tripping phan starts with happiness and ends with sleepy time)
How is Glycogen connected? What is the difference betweeen fats in the mitochondria versus out? What is the Citrate shuttle used for? Carnitine shuttle used for? What are the symptoms of lacking the Carnitine shuttle?
What is the main deficiency in prolonged starvation? Diabetic ketoacidosis? Alcoholism? What does that lead to?
long chains α(1, 4) and branches α(1, 6). Fats in the mitochondria are used for energy and those out of it are for storage/other. “Sy“nthesis of Fatty acids. Carnage/Catabolism of fatty acids. weakness/hypotonia/hypoketotic/hypoglycemia.
Prolonged starvation/diabetic ketoacidosis/alcoholism (due to NADH) => lack of oxaloacetate => lack of gluconeogenesis => acetoacetate (tested in urine) and β-hydroxybutyrate (from FFA and AA) ketone bodies => fruity smelling fruit
How many kCal come from fat? Protein? Carbs? What is the energy sources by time?
What does HMG-CoA reductase do? Where do the following lipases work; Lipoprotein lipase, Hepatic lipase, Hormone-sensitive lipase? What does Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)? What happens if you have a lack LCAT?
9, 4, and 4. Stored ATP => Creatine phosphate (seconds) => Anaerobic glycolysis => Aerobic metabolism and FA oxidation (hours) => ketone bodies (starve)
Main creator of lipids. Chylomicrons/VLDLs, IDL, Adipocytes. Esterifies (activates) cholesterol (key component of HDL maturation). Corneal opacification
What are the following Apoliproteins used for; E, A-I, C-II, B-48, B-100?
Mediates remnant uptake in all but LDL, Activates LCAT in Chylomicron and HDL, Lipoprotein lipase cofactor, Mediates chylomicron secretion, Binds LDL receptor on VDL/IDL/LDL itself
What is the path of TGs and cholesterol?
Ingested TGs => chylomicrons => periphery => chylomicron remnants of what is left after the TGs => liver => VLDL TGs => periphery => IDL (VLDL remnants) => liver => LDL Cholesterol => periphery => HDL reuptake => Liver
