Generalities Flashcards
1
Q
Microorganisms
A
Bacteria - Prokaryote
Protozoa - Eukaryote
Microscopic algae - Eukaryote
Fungi - Eukaryote
2
Q
Acellular infectious agents
A
Viruses
Viroid
Prions
3
Q
Size of ribosomes of prokaryotes
A
50s + 30s = 70s
4
Q
Size of ribosomes of eukaryotes
A
60s + 40s = 80s
5
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Penicillins
A
Beta Lactamase inhibitor
Cell wall synthesis Inhibitor
6
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Cephalosphorins
A
Beta Lactamase inhibitor
Cell wall synthesis Inhibitor
7
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Carbapenems
A
Beta Lactamase inhibitor
Cell wall synthesis Inhibitor
8
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Monobactams (Aztreonam)
A
Beta Lactamase inhibitor
Cell wall synthesis Inhibitor
9
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Vancomycin
A
Cell wall synthesis Inhibitor
10
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Bacitracin
A
Cell wall synthesis Inhibitor
11
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Fosfomycin
A
Cell wall synthesis Inhibitor
12
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Amphotericin
A
Cell membrane synthesis inhibitor
13
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Ketoconazole
A
Cell membrane synthesis inhibitor
14
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Polymyxin
A
Cell membrane synthesis inhibitor
15
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Sulfonamides
A
Folate synthesis inhibitor
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor
16
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Trimethroprim
A
Folate synthesis inhibitor
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor
17
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Fluoroquinolones
A
DNA gyrase inhibitor
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor
18
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Rifampin
A
RNA polymerase inhibitor
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor
19
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Chloramphenicol
A
50s subunit inhibitor
Protein synthesis inhibitor
20
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Macrolides (e.g., Azithromycin, Erythromycin)
A
50s subunit inhibitor
Protein synthesis inhibitor
21
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Lincosamides (e.g., Clindamycin)
A
50s subunit inhibitor
Protein synthesis inhibitor
22
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Streptogramins (e.g., dalfopristin, quinupristin)
A
50s subunit inhibitor
Protein synthesis inhibitor
23
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Aminoglycosides
A
30s subunit inhibitor
Protein synthesis inhibitor
24
Q
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Tetracycline
A
30s subunit inhibitor
Protein synthesis inhibitor
25
ANTIBIOTIC MOA AGAINST BACTERIA:
Linezolid
50s subunit inhibitor
Protein synthesis inhibitor
26
Generally, bacteria do not have sterols. Though, with the exception is this bacteria: _______________________
Mycoplasma
27
Sterol of protozoa and animals
Cholesterol
28
Sterol of fungi
Ergosterol
29
A drug that inhibits ergosterol synthesis
Ketoconazole (Antifungal therapy)
30
A drug that targets membrane sterols directly
Amphotericin (Antifungal therapy)
31
Nature of outer surface:
Viruses
Protein capsid
Lipoprotein envelope
32
Nature of outer surface:
Bacteria
Rigid wall containing peptidoglycan
32
Nature of outer surface:
Fungi
Rigid wall containing chitin
33
Nature of outer surface:
Protozoa/Helminths
Flexible membrane
34
"Jumping genes"
DNA pieces moving readily from one site to another either within or between DNA of bacteria, plasmids, bacteriophages
Code for drug resistant enzymes, toxins, metabolic enzymes
Transposons
35
Dysfunction in prions
Due to protein misfolding
36
Normal prion proteins have ______________ while abnormal prion proteins have more _____________
Alpha helices; beta-pleated sheets
37
Most stubborn and most difficult to control infectious agent
Prions
*resistance to proteases, chemicals and normal autoclaving (microbial control) due to protein misfolding
38
Spongiform encephalopathies have appearance of ___________ neurons. There is ____________
Vacuolated; Lack of immune response and inflammation
39
Disinfection of neurosurgical tools and electrodes in the case of prion diseases include the following:
5% hypochlorite solution or 1.0 M sodium hydroxide
OR
Autoclaving
*temperature f 121 C
*15 psi of pressure
*1 hour (standard autoclave is 15-20 mins)
40
All bacteria have a cell wall except _______________________
Mycoplasma
41
The carbohydrate/sugar backbone of bacterial cell wall is composed of alternating ______________ and _______________
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG); N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
42
Sulbactam is a _______________ and has good coverage against the bacteria _____________________
Suicide inhibitor (protects beta lactam such as ampicillin from enzymatic hydrolysis and inactivation); Acinetobacter baumannii
43
Lysozymes kill bacteria by cleaving the _________________ of the cell wall
Beta 1-->4 glycosidic bonds between NAG and NAM
44
Characteristics of Cell Walls: Gram (+) vs. Gram (-)
Teichoic acids
Gram (+)
45
Characteristics of Cell Walls: Gram (+) vs. Gram (-)
Lipopolysaccharide
Gram (-)
46
Characteristics of Cell Walls: Gram (+) vs. Gram (-)
Periplasmic space
Gram (-)
47
Characteristics of Cell Walls: Gram (+) vs. Gram (-)
Porin proteins
Gram (-)
48
Characteristics of Cell Walls: Gram (+) vs. Gram (-)
Lysozyme sensitivity
Gram (+)
49
Characteristics of Cell Walls: Gram (+) vs. Gram (-)
Teichoic acids
Gram (+)
50
All gram (+) bacteria have no endotoxin except _____________________
Listeria monocytogenes
51
Outer membrane of gram (-) bacteria contains _____________________
Endotoxin - lipopolysaccharide
52
Active component of LPS is _______________, which induces ___________ and _______________; its structure is _______________
Lipid A; TNF; IL-1; beta-hydroxymyristic acid
53
LPS component which contributes to stability of outer membrane
Core oligosaccharide
54
LPS component which contributes to antigen structure
O Polysaccharide
55
Most important part of gram stain wherein it primarily differentiates gram (+) from gram (-)
Decolorization with acetone alcohol
56
Acid fast staining method (HOT method)
Ziehl-Neelsen
57
Acid fast staining method (COLD method)
Kinyoun
58
FOR BACTERIA NOT SEEN IN GS:
Mycobacteria
Acid fast stain
59
FOR BACTERIA NOT SEEN IN GS:
Spirochetes
Darkfield microscopy
60
FOR BACTERIA NOT SEEN IN GS:
Mycoplasma and ureaplasma spp.
None - Serologies
61
FOR BACTERIA NOT SEEN IN GS:
Legionella
Coccicoides
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Helicobacter pylori
Silver stain
62
FOR BACTERIA NOT SEEN IN GS:
Rickettsia
Chlamydia
Trypanosomes
Plasmodium
Borrelia
Helicobacter pylori
Giemsa stain --> Inclusion bodies
63
FOR BACTERIA NOT SEEN IN GS:
Bartonella
Anaplasma
Ehrlichia
Tissue stains
64
FOR BACTERIA NOT SEEN IN GS:
Whipple Disease (Tropheryma whipplei)
Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) stain
65
FOR BACTERIA NOT SEEN IN GS:
Cryptococcus neoformans
India Ink stain - negative staining
Mucicarmine stain - thick polysaccharide capsule (red)
66
FOR BACTERIA NOT SEEN IN GS:
Confirmatory for syphilis
To identify bacteria, viruses, P. jirovecii, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium
FTA ABS - syphilis
Fluorescent antibody stain
67
FOR BACTERIA NOT SEEN IN GS:
Visualize flagella of bacteria
Tannic acid stain
68
FOR BACTERIA NOT SEEN IN GS:
Visualize nucleic acid of bacteria
Feulgen stain
69
FOR BACTERIA NOT SEEN IN GS:
Visualize spores of bacteria
Malachite green stain
70
All bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide except __________________________ which is composed of ________________________
Bacillus anthracis; polypeptide of D-glutamate
71
Heat resistance of bacterial spores are conferred by ______________ and _______________
Dehydrated state
Calcium dipicolinate
72
In what phase of bacterial growth are beta-lactam antibiotics most efficacious
Phase II: LOG or Exponential Phase
73
In what phase of bacterial growth are bacterial spores formed
Phase III: Stationary Phase
74
Obligate aerobes
Completely dependent on oxygen for ATP generation
"Nosy and Nagging Pests Must Breathe Lots of Oxygen"
Nocardia
Neisseria
Pseudomonas
Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Bacillus cereus
Bordetella
Brucella
Legionella
Leptospira
75
Facultative anaerobes
Utilize oxygen in its process, but use fermentation in its absence
Staphylococcus
Bacillus anthracis
Corynebacterium
Listeria
Mycoplasmas (In general)
76
Obligate anaerobes
Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they lack Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase
"Can't Breathe Fresh Air"
Clostridium
Bacteroides
Fusobacterium
Actinomyces
77
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Exclusively anaerobic but insensitive to the presence of oxygen
Propionibacterium (Cutibacterium)
Lactobacillus
78
Microaerophiles
Use fermentation but can tolerate low amounts of oxygen because they have Superoxide dismutase
Streptococcus
Spirochetes (Treponema, Borreliella)
Campylobacter
Helicobacter
Arcobacter
79
These enzymes are needed by bacteria to survive in aerobic environment
Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
Catalase
Peroxidase
80
This exotoxin binds to a receptor --> activates T-cells by binding SIMULTANEOUSLY to a T-cell receptor and MHC-II molecule on APC WITHOUT requiring an antigen --> activates large number of T-cells --> cytokine storm
Superantigen
ex: TSST-1, Enterotoxin, Exfoliative toxins A and B, Erythrpgenic toxins A and C
81
All exotoxins are heat labile except
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin
82
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
Clostridium perfringens
Egg Yolk Agar
83
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Cystine Tellurite Agar, Loeffler Agar
84
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
group D streptococci
Bile Esculin Agar
85
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
N. meningitidis
N. gonorrheae (sterile sites)
Chocolate Agar
86
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
N. gonorrheae (nonsterile sites)
Thayer Martin Agar
87
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
Haemophilus influenzae
Chocolate + Factors X (heme) and V (NAD)
88
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
Staphylococcus aureus
Mannitol Salt Agar
89
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
Escherichia coli
Eosin Methylene Blue Agar
(green metallic sheen)
90
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Lowenstein-Jensen, Middlebrook
91
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
Vibrio chlolerae
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Thiosulfate Citrate Bile Salts Sucrose (TCBS)
Vibrio cholerae - yellow colonies
Vibrio parahaemolyticus - green colonies
92
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
Bordetella pertussis
Bordet-Gengou/Regan Lowe Agar
93
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
Legionella pneumophila
Buffered Charcoal Yeast Extract
94
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
Campylobacter
Skirrow's medium
95
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
Helicobacter
Stuart's medium
96
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
Borrelia burgdorferi
Barbour-Stoenner Kelly (BSK)
97
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Eaton
98
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Cetrimide
99
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
Salmonella
Shigella
Xylose-Lysine-Deoxycholate (XLD)
100
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
Leptospira interrogans
Ellinghausen-McCollough-Johnson-Harris/Fletcher
101
MEDIA FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH:
Yersinia enterocolitica
Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin (CIN)
102
Obligate intracellular agents
that consist of RNA only with
no protein coat
Viroids
103
DNA pieces that move readily
from one site to another either
within or between the DNA of
bacteria, plasmids, and
bacteriophages
Transposons
104
Pathology that results to prion
production
Dysfunction due to protein
misfolding
105
Fatal neurodegenerative prion
protein disease in man which is
transmitted thru cannibalism
Kuru
106
Treatment for Creutzfeldt-
Jakob disease
No treatment available
107
Process of disinfection of tools
in cases of prion disease
5% hypochlorite solution
or 1.0 M sodium hydroxide
or autoclaved at 15 psi for
1 hour
108
Only bacteria with no cell wall
Mycoplasma
109
Teichoic acid is present in the
cell wall of _________?
Gram positive organisms
110
All gram-positive bacteria have
no endotoxin except for which
organism?
Listeria monocytogenes
111
What is the mordant used in
Gram staining?
Gram’s Iodine
112
What is the decolorizer used in
Gram staining?
Acetone Alcohol
113
What is the decolorizer used in
Acid Fast staining?
Acid Alcohol
114
Bacteria’s that are cocci in
shape and are gram negative
Neisseria
Veillonella
Moraxella
115
Capsule of Bacillus anthracis is
composed of ________
Polypeptide of D-glutamate
116
Gram positive bacilli that are
considered as spore formers
Bacillus spp.
Clostridium spp.
117
The content of Mycobacteria
that makes the dye difficult to
penetrate the cell wall is
_________
Mycolic Acid
118
Which of the process of genetic
exchange requires
bacteriophage?
Transduction
119
Stain used for Legionella spp
Silver stain
120
Stain used to diagnose Whipple
disease caused by Tropheryma
whipplei
Periodic Acid-Schiff stain
121
Agar used for the isolation of
Vibrio cholerae
Thiosulfate Citrate Bile
Salts Sucrose
122
Agar used for the isolation of
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Eaton
123
Agar used for the isolation of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Lowenstein- Jensen
124
Agar used for the isolation of
Leptospira interrogans
Ellinghausen-McCullough-
Johnson-Harris (EMJH)/
Fletcher
125
What is the phase of bacterial
growth cycle where antibiotics
are most effective?
Log or Exponential Phase
126
What is the phase of bacterial
growth cycle where spores are
formed?
Stationary Phase
127
Antimicrobials that work by
inhibiting DNA gyrase
Fluoroquinolones
128
Antibiotic that inhibits RNA
polymerase
Rifampin
129
Mechanism of resistance to
Vancomycin
Reprogramming of D-ala-Dala
130
Mechanism of resistance to
Methicillin
Mutation of Penicillin-
Binding Protein
