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Parasitologie > Generalite en Parasitologie > Flashcards

Generalite en Parasitologie Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of trypanosomiasis?

A

A parasitosis caused by a flagellated protozoan of the genus Trypanosoma transmitted by the bite of an infected tsetse fly.

Also known as sleeping sickness.

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2
Q

How many countries in sub-Saharan Africa report cases of human African trypanosomiasis?

A

36 countries.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO).

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3
Q

What significant trend was observed in 2009 regarding trypanosomiasis cases?

A

The number of reported cases fell below 10,000 for the first time in 50 years.

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4
Q

What was the number of trypanosomiasis cases reported in 2020?

A

633 cases.

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5
Q

What is the taxonomic classification of Trypanosoma brucei?

A
  • Phylum: Sarcomastigophora
  • Class: Zoomastigophorea
  • Order: Kinétoplastida
  • Family: Trypanosomatidae
  • Genus: Trypanosoma
  • Species: Trypanosoma brucei
  • Subspecies: T. b. gambiense, T. b. rhodesiense.
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6
Q

What are the two forms of Trypanosoma?

A
  • Trypomastigote
  • Epimastigote.
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7
Q

What is the morphology of the trypomastigote form?

A

Elongated and fusiform, measuring 15-40 µm long and 2-3 µm wide, with a central nucleus and a free flagellum at the body end.

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8
Q

What is the habitat of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense?

A

Found in human blood, lymph nodes, and cerebrospinal fluid.

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9
Q

What is the mode of transmission for African trypanosomiasis?

A

Vector-borne transmission via the bite of an infected tsetse fly.

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10
Q

What is the infective form of the Trypanosoma in the tsetse fly?

A

Epimastigote.

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11
Q

True or False: The vector for Trypanosomiasis is the tsetse fly.

A

True.

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12
Q

What are the two phases of the clinical evolution of trypanosomiasis?

A
  • Lymphatic-sanguine phase
  • Meningoencephalitic phase.
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13
Q

What characterizes the lymphatic-sanguine phase of trypanosomiasis?

A

Multiplication of trypanosomes in blood and lymph nodes with symptoms like fever, headaches, and lymphadenopathy.

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14
Q

What are common clinical signs during the meningoencephalitic phase?

A
  • Sensory disturbances
  • Motor disturbances
  • Psychological disturbances.
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15
Q

What is the incubation period for African trypanosomiasis?

A

1 to 2 weeks.

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16
Q

What non-specific biological modifications are observed in the lymphatic-sanguine phase?

A
  • Anemia
  • Hyperleukocytosis with monocytosis
  • Increased serum IgM levels.
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17
Q

What is the diagnostic method for confirming the presence of trypanosomes?

A

Parasitological examination of blood, lymph nodes, or cerebrospinal fluid.

18
Q

What is the appearance of the cerebrospinal fluid in the meningoencephalitic phase?

A

Clear but abnormal with leukocytosis and presence of Mott cells.

19
Q

What are some factors that favor the spread of trypanosomiasis?

A
  • High temperature and humidity
  • Poverty
  • Agricultural practices.
20
Q

What is the role of the glossina in the life cycle of Trypanosoma?

A

It serves as the vector where trypanosomes multiply and develop before infecting humans.

21
Q

Fill in the blank: The infective form of Trypanosoma injected into humans is called _______.

A

metacyclic trypomastigote.

22
Q

What are the clinical signs of the lymphatic-sanguine phase?

A
  • Anarchic fever
  • Indolent lymphadenopathy
  • Hepatosplenomegaly.
23
Q

What is the geographic distribution of T.b. gambiense?

A

West and Central Africa.

24
Q

What is the main vector species for T. b. gambiense?

A

Glossina palpalis.

25
Q

What is the main vector species for T. b. rhodesiense?

A

Glossina morsitans.

26
Q

What is the consequence of untreated trypanosomiasis?

A

Lethargy and coma leading to death.

27
Q

What is the initial examination method for diagnosing parasites?

A

Examen microscopique à l’état frais

This method allows for the visualization of parasites in their natural state.

28
Q

What form do parasites take during examination after staining?

A

trypomastigote

This refers to a specific life cycle stage of certain parasites.

29
Q

What is the sample type used for diagnosing during the meningoencephalic phase?

A

L.C.R. prélevé par ponction lombaire

L.C.R. stands for liquide céphalorachidien, or cerebrospinal fluid.

30
Q

Which staining technique is used for examining the frottis?

A

Giemsa

Giemsa stain is commonly used to visualize parasites in blood smears.

31
Q

What does the immunological diagnosis reveal?

A

Anticorps dans le sérum et le LCR

This indicates the presence of antibodies against the parasites.

32
Q

Name a technique used in immunological diagnosis.

A

Immuno-fluorescence indirecte (IFI)

This technique helps visualize antibodies bound to antigens.

33
Q

What is the sensitivity of PCR in molecular diagnosis?

A

1 parasite/ml

PCR allows for the detection of very low amounts of parasitic DNA.

34
Q

What medication is used for the lymphatic-sanguine phase?

A

Pentacarinat (iséthionate de pentamidine)

It is administered at a dosage of 4mg/kg/j without exceeding 300 mg.

35
Q

How is Moranyl (suramine sodique) administered?

A

20mg/kg par injection hébdomadaire IM ou IV

This refers to intramuscular or intravenous administration.

36
Q

What is the posology for Arsobal (mélarsoprol) in the meningoencephalic phase?

A

3,6mg/kg en séries de 3 injections quotidiennes

This is a strict intramuscular administration protocol.

37
Q

What is the dosage for Eflornithine (difluorométhylornithine)?

A

400mg/kg/j en perfusion continue pendant 14j

This treatment may be renewed if necessary.

38
Q

What is the combination therapy known as NECT?

A

Nifurtimox–Eflornithine

This combination is used for treating certain types of sleeping sickness.

39
Q

What is a general prophylactic measure against glossines?

A

Utilisation des insecticides pulvérisés par voie terrestre ou aérienne

This is aimed at reducing the population of tsetse flies.

40
Q

What is one individual prophylactic measure to avoid glossine bites?

A

Application de répulsifs sur la peau

Repellents can help prevent insect bites.

41
Q

Fill in the blank: The technique used for detection of antibodies is called _______.

A

Immuno-fluorescence indirecte (IFI)

This technique is essential for immunological diagnosis.

42
Q

True or False: The sensitivity of PCR is low for detecting parasites.

A

False

PCR is highly sensitive, able to detect as few as 1 parasite/ml.

Parasitologie (1 decks)

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