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Toxicology > General Toxicology > Flashcards

General Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Toxicology

A

Study of poisons - identification of poisons, their chemical properties, their biologic effects as well as the treatments of disease conditions that they cause

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2
Q

Poison

A

any liquid, solid, or gas (oral or topical) that can interfere with life processes of cells; aka toxicant

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3
Q

Toxin

A

poisons that originate from biologic processes; classified as biotoxins

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4
Q

Toxic

A

effects of poison on living system

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5
Q

Toxicosis

A

Disease state that results from exposure to a poison

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6
Q

Toxicity

A

The amount of poison that, under a specific set of conditions, causes toxic effects or results in detrimental biologic changes. (Note - in wildlife/aquatics this may be expresses as the concentration of the substance in feed or water; diff from dosage which is directly correlated with concentration when material is freely available)

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7
Q

Threshold Dose

A

A toxic or adverse reaction to a chemical where above this has detrimental effects that can be measured

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8
Q

Graded response

A

increase in degree or severity as the amount/dosage of toxicant increases

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9
Q

Dosage

A

Amount of toxicant per unit of animal weight (typically mg/kg)

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10
Q

Dose

A

Total amount of toxicant received per animal

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11
Q

Lethal Concentration (LC)

A

lowest concentration of compound in feed (or water fish) that causes death; mg/kg

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12
Q

Acute lethal toxicity (LC50)

A

concentration of compound in feed/water that will kill 50% of animals exposed; AKA median lethal dose

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13
Q

Highest Nontoxic Dose (HNTD)

A

Largest dose that does not result in clinical of pathological

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14
Q

Toxic Dose-Low (TDL)

A

Lowest dose that will produce alterations; administration of twice this dose is not lethal

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15
Q

Toxic Dose-High (TDH)

A

dose that will produce drug-induced alterations and administration of twice this dose is lethal

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16
Q

Lethal Dose (LD)

A

Lowest dose that causes death in any animal during the period of observation. (Various percentages can be attached to the LD value to indicate doses required to kill 1% (LD1), 50% (LD50), 100% (LD100)

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17
Q

Median lethal dose (MLD)

A

concentration of compound in feed/water that will kill 50% of animals exposed; AKA LD50

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18
Q

Effective Dose 50 (ED50)

A

dosage of a drug or therapeutic agent that produces the desired effect in half of a population

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19
Q

Therapeutic Index (TI)

A

TI=LD50/ED50

20
Q

Standard Safety Margin (SSM)

A

SSM=LD1/ED99 More conservative estimate than TI

21
Q

Extremely toxic

A

<1 mg/kg

22
Q

Highly Toxic

A

1-50 mg/kg

23
Q

Moderately toxic

A

50-500 mg/kg

24
Q

Slightly toxic

A

0.5-5 g/kg

25
Q

Practically nontoxic

A

5-15 g/kg

26
Q

Relatively harmless

A

> 15 g/kg

27
Q

Acute toxicity

A

describes effects of a single dose or multiple doses during a 24-hour period

28
Q

Subacute Toxicity

A

refers to repeated exposure and effects observed for 30 days or less

29
Q

Subchronic Toxicity

A

Study of exposure and effects for 1-3 months; studies of 3 months are considered adequate to express all forms of toxicosis except carcinogenic effects and multigenerational effects

30
Q

Chronic Toxicity

A

Produced by prolonged exposure for 3 months or longer

31
Q

Lethal Dose 50 (LD50)

A

a dosage that is lethal to 50% of animals exposed to a specific toxicant under defined conditions, including species, route of exposure, and duration of exposure

32
Q

Tolerance

A

due to prolonged exposure to a toxicant, the size of the dose required to produce lethality upon repeated exposure increases

33
Q

Chronicity factor

A

ratio of acute to chronic LD50; greater than 2.0 indicates a cumulative factor

34
Q

Hazard

A

the probability that a chemical will cause harm under specific conditions of use; aka risk

35
Q

Toxicokinectics

A

movement and disposition of toxicants in the organism

36
Q

Response to chemicals is affected by toxicokinetic influence on?

A

Rate and amount of absorption
Distribution of chemical within the body
Biotransformation
Rate of excretion

37
Q

Passive transport

A

most common toxicant transport; move across membranes along a concentration gradient

38
Q

Active transport

A

a specialized form of membrane passage; move against a concentration gradient; metabolic energy required; competitive inhibition can occur

39
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

not common for xenobiotics (foreign chemicals); has some characteristics of both passive diffusion and active transport; compounds move along a concentration gradient; energy not required; transport system can be saturated

40
Q

Volume of distribution (VD)

A

the fluid volume in whcih a chemical seems to be dissolved

VD=(weight of chemical distributed in the body)/(Plasma concentration of chemical at equilibrium)

41
Q

Excretion

A

typically from kidneys (urine) and liver (bile); can from lungs, intestines, sweat, saliva, and milk

42
Q

Routes of elimination

A

Renal (glomerular filtration or active tubular)

43
Q

Clearance

A

volume of plasma cleared of a specific xenobiotic each minute
Clearance = (urinary drug concentration (mg/ml) x urine flow rate (ml/min)/(plasma drug concentration (mg/ml)

44
Q

Rate of elimination

A

typically exponential and called ‘first-order’ elimination

45
Q

Half-life

A

time needed for one-half of a chemical to be eliminated from the body; Cr+Cie^(-kt) ; Cr = concentration remaining; Ci= initial concentration; k=elimination rate constant for a tissue, toxicant and species; t = time in hours or days

Toxicology (1 decks)

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