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Neuro Exam 2 > General Terms And SC Morphology > Flashcards

General Terms And SC Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

Forebrain is composed of the cerebral hemispheres and the _____.

Brainstem lies between the ___ and spinal cord.

A

Diencephalon

Forebrain

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2
Q

Cells directly sensitive to various stimuli, touch or temp changes, or receive direct connections from non-neuronal receptor cells

A

Sensory neurons

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3
Q

Cells that directly contact muscles, glands, or other neurons (PNS ganglia)

A

Motor neurons

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4
Q

Cells that have processes confined to at single small area of the CNS

Cells with long axons connecting different areas, like the neuron in the cerebral cortex whose axon reaches the spinal cord

A

Local interneurons

Protection neuron

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5
Q

Areas that contain neuron/glial cell bodies and dendrites?

What are its two parts?

A

Gray matter

Nuclei: collection of cell bodies with a common fx

Cortex: layers of gray matter over other parts of the CNS (cerebral and cerebellar cortices)

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6
Q

Areas where there is a collection of axons, many covered with myelin?

Contains a fasciculus, funiculus, lemniscus, peduncle, and tract (all terms for white matter)

Tracts have a two part name, what are they?

A

White matter

1st: location of neuronal cell bodies from which axons originate
2nd: site the axons terminate

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7
Q

What is the fx of the spinal cord?

What are its two enlargements?

How are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves separated?

A

Linking the brain to the rest of the body; pathway for sensory and motor impulses, reflexes, reactions to stimuli

Cervical enlargement: innervates upper limbs
Lumbosacral enlargement: innervates lower limbs

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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8
Q

____ is the tapering, inferior end of the spinal cord.

Inferior to this, a group of axons project from the spinal cord called ____.

____ is a thin strand of ____ that helps anchor the conus medullaris to the coccyx

A

Conus medullaris

Cauda equina

Pia mater; Filum terminale

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9
Q

Spinal cord has anterior/posterior horns. Posterior rootlets enter the SC in the _____ (shallow longitudinal groove).

Anterior rootlets leave from the ____.

Posterior and anterior rootlets become posterior and anterior roots that join to form _____.

A

Posterolateral sulcus

Anterolateral sulcus

Spinal nerves

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10
Q

Posterior horn of the SC consists of ____ whose processes remain within the SC and _____ whose axons collect into ascending sensory pathways.

What are the two parts of the posterior horn at the spinal levels?

A

Interneurons; projection neurons

Substantia gelatinosa: region of gray matter that caps the posterior horn

Body of the posterior horn: interneurons and projection neurons that transmit somatic and visceral sensory info

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11
Q

Substantia gelatinosa looks pale because it contains _____ sensory fibers that carry _____ information.

____ is white matter located between the substantia gelatinosa and the surface of the cord. It contains myelinated/unmyelinated fibers from the ____.

A

Myelinated/unmyelinated; pain and temperature info

Lissauer’s tract; substantia gelatinosa

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12
Q

The anterior horn of the SC contains cell bodies of ____ that supply skeletal muscles.

These cells allows the CNS to do ____.

A

Large motor neurons (lower motor neurons)

Have control over body movements (voluntary/involuntary)

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13
Q

Intermediate gray matter contains autonomic neurons (preganglionic), sensory neurons, projection neurons, sensory interneurons, and interneurons that synapse on motor neurons. It also contains the ____.

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons lie in segments ____ and most are located in the _____. They form a pointy lateral horn on the spinal gray matter and their axons leave through ____.

A

Clarke’s nucleus

T1-L3

Intermediolateral cell column

Ventral roots

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14
Q

Cells in S2-S4 are part of the _____ but do not form a distinct lateral horn. The axons synapse on _____ neurons for pelvic viscera.

A

Sacral parasympathetic nucleus

Postganglionic parasympathetic

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15
Q

Clark’s nucleus is a collection of large cells located on the medial surface of the base of the _____. It is part of the intermediate gray matter.

This has a role in sensory processing.

A

Posterior horn (T1-L2)

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16
Q

What are the 10 laminae of the spinal cord gray matter?

Nucleus?

Level?

Fx?

A

Lamina I: thin layer of gray mater covering the substantia gelatinosa (marginal zone; all levels; spinothalmic tract cells)

Lamina II: substantia gelatinosa; all levels; modulate transmission of pain and temp

Laminae III-VI: body of the posterior horn; all; sensory processing

Lamina VII: intermediate gray matter, including Clarke’s nucleus and extensions into the anterior horn; T1-L2; posterior spinocerebellar tract cells; intermediolateral column; T1-L3; preganglionic sympathetic neurons; sacral parasympathietic; S2-S4; preganglionic parasympathetic neurons -> pelvic viscera

Lamina VIII: interneuron zones of the anterior horn

Lamina IX: clusters of motor neurons embedded in the anterior horn; accessory nucleus; medulla-C5; motor neurons -> SCM, trapezius

Lamina X: zone of gray matter surrounding the central canal; phrenic nucleus; C3-C5; motor neurons -> diaphragm

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17
Q

Bundle of axon fibers in the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway of the SC

It carries sensory info from the arms; the ascending tract relays info to the brain via SC

A

Fasciculus cuneatus

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18
Q

Bundle of axon fibers in the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway of the SC

Carries sensory info from the middle thoracic and lower limbs of the body; ascending tract relays info to the brain via the SC

A

Fasciculus gracilis

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19
Q

Sensory axons from _____ enter the spinal cord, branch, and terminate on neurons in the _____.

Axons emerge from motor neurons on the _____ and exit the spinal cord to innervate skeletal muscle.

A

Cell bodies in the DRG; spinal gray matter

Anterior horn

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20
Q

White matter contains what three things?

A

Long descending tracts (from brainstem and forebrain)

Long ascending tracts (to brainstem, cerebellum, and forebrain)

Local axons interconnecting different spinal levels

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21
Q

Gray matter contains what four things?

A

Motor neuron cell bodies

Endings of incoming sensory axons

Second order sensory cell bodies (axons entering ascending tracts to relay sensory info to brainstem and forebrain)

Endings of long descending tracts and local interneurons

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22
Q

What are the four main sulci that divide the cerebral hemisphere into five lobes?

A

Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Parietooccipital sulcus
Cingulate sulcus

23
Q

Frontal lobe of the brain extends from the frontal pole to the ____. It is laterally separated from the temporal lobe by the ____.

Medially it extends to the ____. And inferiorly it continues as the orbital part of the frontal lobe.

A

Central sulcus

Lateral sulcus

Cingulate sulcus

24
Q

The parietal lobe of the brain extends from the ____ to an imaginary line connecting the top of the _____ and preoccipital notch.

Inferiorly it is bounded by the ____ and the imaginary continuation of this sulcus to the posterior boundary of the parietal lobe.

Medially, it is bounded inferiorly the _____. Bounded by frontal lobe (anterior) and _____ (posterior).

A

Central sulcus; parietooccipital sulcus

Lateral sulcus

Subparietal and calcarine sulci; parietooccipital sulcus

25
Q

Temporal lobe of the brain extends to the ____ and the line forming the inferior boundary of the parietal lobe (superior).

It extends to the line connecting the top of the parietooccipital sulcus and the _____.

Medially its posterior boundary is an imaginary line extending from the preoccipital notch towards the _____ and part of its superior boundary is the collateral sulcus.

A

Lateral sulcus

Preoccipital notch (posterior)

Corpus callosum

26
Q

The occipital lobe of the brain is bounded anteriorly by the _____ and _____ on both the lateral and medial surfaces of the hemispheres.

A

Parietal and temporal lobes

27
Q

The limbic lobe of the brain is a strip of cortex that encircles the _____. It is between the corpus callosum, frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes and occupies the medial surface of the temporal lobe.

A

Telencephalon-diencephalon

28
Q

The neural system develops from the neural tube that contains a ____. This cavity persists in adults as a system of _____.

What is the pathway of ventricles?

A

Central cavity

Interconnected ventricles

Lateral ventricles -> interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro) -> 3rd ventricle -> cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius) -> 4th ventricle -> central canal

29
Q

Parts of central white matter:

Connect cortical areas within the same sulci/gyri

Connect cortical areas within the same hemisphere

Connect cortical areas within the R/L hemispheres

Connect cortical areas within other body regions

A

Arcuate fibers

Longitudinal/Association fasciculi

Commissural tracts

Projection tracts

30
Q

____ interconnects the two cerebral hemispheres. It contains ____ tracts.

____ are commissural fibers to/from the temporal lobe.

A

Corpus callosum; comissural tracts

Anterior commissure

31
Q

____ is an additional area of the cerebral cortex. It is buried in the _____ and concealed by portions of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.

The ____ are parts of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes that overlay this area of cortex.

___ outlines the insula and marks its borders with the opercular areas of cortex.

A

Insula; lateral sulcus

Opercula

Circular sulcus

32
Q

_____ and ____ make up the lateral surface of the frontal lobe.

Precentral gyrus houses the ____; it is the origin of the descending motor pathways and voluntary movements.

____ and ____ occupy the reminder of the precentral gyrus and the posterior portions of the superior and middle frontal gyri.

A

Precentral gyrus, superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyri

Primary motor cortex

Premotor and supplementary motor: related to planning and initiation of voluntary movements

33
Q

____ is the left opercular and triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus; important in written and spoken language.

____ is the rest of frontal lobe; involved with executive functions, personality, decision making, insight, and foresight.

A

Broca’a area

Prefrontal cortex

34
Q

The parietal lobe includes the ____ and ______.

Fx of each?

A

Postcentral gyrus and the superior and inferior parietal lobules

Postcentral gyrus: corresponds to primary somatosensory cortex; controls the processing of tactile and proprioceptive info and sensory localization

Inferior parietal lobe: involved in language comprehension

Remainder controls spatial orientation and direction attention

35
Q

Somatosensory info from different parts of the body enter the _____ at different levels.

Different parts travel together, but in separate bundles.

____ is a somatotopic map that maps the contralateral half of the body in each postcentral gyrus. The map is spatially distorted and reflects the amount of ____ to a given body area.

A

Spinal cord

Homonculus

Innervation

36
Q

Temporal lobe is composed of the _____.

The inferior surface is made up of the broad _____.

The superior surface of the temporal lobe including the area of the superior temporal gyrus is the _____.

A

Superior, middle, inferior temporal gyri

Occipitotemporal gyrus

Primary auditory cortex

37
Q

_____ is located on the posterior portion of the L superior temporal gyrus. It is important in the comprehension of language.

The interior surface of the temporal lobe is involved in the higher order processing of ____.

The medial part is involved in ____.

A

Wernicke’s area

Visual info

Learning and memory

38
Q

The lateral surface of the occipital lobe contains the ____.

The _____ is an area between the parietooccipital and calcarine sulci

The calcarine sulcus contains the _____; the reminder of the lobe is the _____.

The lingual gyrus is inferior to the calcarine sulcus and is continuous with the _____.

A

Lateral occipital gyri

Cuneus

Primary visual cortex; visual association cortex (involved with higher order processing of visual info)

Parahippocampal gyrus

39
Q

The limbic lobe is mostly composed of the ____ and ____. It is important in emotional responses, drive-related behavior, and memory.

The anterior end of the parahippocampal gyrus hooks backward on itself forming a medial bump called the ____.

The ____ is folded into the temporal lobe at the hippocampal sulcus. ____ is beneath the uncus of the temporal lobe.

A

Cingulate and parahippocampal gyri

Uncus

Hippocampus; amygdala

40
Q

What are the four divisions in the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

41
Q

____ relays into to the cerebral cortex. It is an _____ that borders the third ventricle.

Every pathway carrying info bound for the cerebral cortex from a subcortical site stops in the ____.

All sensory info EXCLUDING the ___ stop in the thalamus. Motor pathways between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex and between the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex involve the thalamus; _____ also go through the thalamus.

A

Thalamus; ovoid nuclear mass

Thalamus

Olfactory; limbic projections

42
Q

The _____ controls the autonomic NS. It regulates visceral responses, temp, and limbic fx.

It lies inferior and anterior to the thalamus. The inferior surface is one of the few parts of the ____ visible on the brain and contains the _____. Two protuberances called the ____ are also visible.

A

Hypothalamus

Diencephalon

Infundibular stalk

Mammillary bodies

43
Q

The brainstem is subdivided into what three parts?

A

Midbrain (continuous with the diencephalon)

Pons

Medulla (continuous with the spinal cord)

44
Q

The cerebellum contains a midline _____ and a lateral hemisphere on each side.

What are the three lobes of the cerebellum and what do they receive?

A

Vermis

Anterior lobe: receives large number of afferents from spinal cord; plays role in coordinating trunk and limb movements

Flocculonodular lobe: receives afferents from the vestibular system; involved in controlling eye movements and postural adjustments to gravity

Posterior lobe: receives a majority of afferents from the cerebral cortex via the pons; plays a role in coordination of voluntary movements

45
Q

____ are a group of nuclei that lie deep to the cerebral cortex in each hemisphere.

What are these nuclei?

____ are physically separated from the thalamus and caudate by a thick sheet of fibers called the internal capsule.

____ contains moist of the fibers interconnecting the cerebral cortex and deep structures (thalamus, basal nuclei, brainstem)

A

Basal nuclei

Caudate nucleus

Lenticular nucleus (subdivided into putamen and globus pallidus)

Lenticular nuclei

Internal capsule

46
Q

_____ and _____ convey info to/from the CNS. The peripheral nerve axons come from ____ that convey info into the CNS from the periphery.

Other axons of ____ convey messages to skeletal muscles causing them to contract.

A

Primary afferents and lower motor neurons

Primary afferents

Lower motor neurons

47
Q

Axons of ____ enter the CNS without crossing the midline.

Sensory info is carried by axons in ____.

Primary afferents terminate in the CNS on ____ which project to _____.

The components of sensory primary afferents are all _____.

A

Primary afferents

Peripheral nerves (cell bodies are DRG)

Second order neurons ; third order neurons

Ipsilateral

48
Q

____ relay a signal from primary afferents in the periphery to a target in the CNS. They can cross the midline of the body.

____ relay the message to a final target in a specific cortical area. The cortex decides on the given output.

A

Second-order neurons

Third-order neurons

49
Q

Axons of the _____ leave the CNS without crossing midline. These cells are the only way the CNS can cause muscle contraction.

They have their cell bodies _____ in the CNS (anterior horn of SC).

They also have axons that travel through peripheral nerves to end on _____.

A

Lower motor neurons

Within

Ipsilateral muscle fibers

50
Q

____ and ____ can cross the midline.

Pain and temp pathways and the touch pathway cross at different levels.

A

Second order neurons; first order neurons (afferents)

51
Q

Lower motor neurons are subject to control of voluntary movement via the ____. _____ extend axons from motor areas of the cerebral cortex that terminate in the SC.

A

Corticospinal tract

Upper motor neurons

52
Q

Cell bodies of Corticospinal neurons are distributed in the ____. This pattern parallels the somatosensory homunculus.

Damage to the Corticospinal tract causes what?

A

Precentral gyrus

Weakness of half of the body, but reflexes are still functional

53
Q

The upper motor neurons (UMN) of the corticospinal tract cross the ___.

Damage to one cerebral hemisphere results in weakness in the ____ arm/leg.

Single neurons with long axons project all the way from the motor cortex to the _____ half of the SC.

A

Midline

Contralateral

Contralateral

Neuro Exam 2 (16 decks)

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