General Terms

Question 1

mRNA

Answer 1

• Created during transcription

- Carries small parts of DNA to other parts of the cell for processing

Question 2

Transcription

Answer 2

when DNA information transcribed to make an mRNA

Question 3

Translation

Answer 3

When the information from an mRNA is translated into a protein
-ultimately determines phenotype

Question 4

Chromosomes

Answer 4

Coiled DNA and the means by which the genes are transmitted from generation to generation

Question 5

How many chromosomes and pairs do humans have?

Answer 5

46 chromosomes

23 pairs

Question 6

Autosomes

Answer 6

Not sex chromosomes

22 pairs

Question 7

Where are autosomes kept?

Answer 7

Nucleus

Question 8

What does mitochondrial DNA encode?

Answer 8

• some proteins for oxidative metabolism

- tRNA

Question 9

tRNA

Answer 9

used in translation of proteins

Question 10

Locus

Answer 10

the exact location of a gene on a chromosome

Question 11

Alleles

Answer 11

• Homologous copies of a gene

- so one of the same gene from mother and father

Question 12

Homologous pair

Answer 12

• Same chromosome, but one from mom and dad

- Carry the same genes in the same order, but the alleles for each trait might not be the same

Question 13

Homozygous

Answer 13

pair of matching alleles (EE or ee)

Question 14

Heterozygous

Answer 14

one allele is dominant and one is recessive (Ee)

Question 15

The Law of Uniformity

Answer 15

AA + aa = Aa

Question 16

Law of Segregation

Answer 16

Each gamete contains only one of two copies of a gene

Question 17

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 17

Members of different gene pairs assort independently of one another

Question 18

Alkaptonuria (AKU)

Answer 18

rare disease that causes severe, early-onset osteoarthritis

Question 19

Mutation

Answer 19

A change in DNA that may adversely affect the host

Question 20

Germinal Mutation

Answer 20

• Caused by radiation or chemicals
• may affect a single gene or an entire chromosome
• affects progeny of the subject

Question 21

Somatic Mutation

Answer 21

Mutation in a somatic (non sex) cell

Question 22

Chromosomal Aberrations

Answer 22

• Can be morphological or lethal

- Alteration in the number or physical structure of chromosomes

Question 23

Spontaneous Miscarriages

Answer 23

• 40-50% of all 1st trimester losses

- not enough genetic material to carry on

Question 24

Translocation

Answer 24

Where two non-homologous chromosomes have switched terminal segments

Question 25

Inversion

Answer 25

Where the order of genes of a section of the chromosome is reversed

Question 26

Non-disjunction

Answer 26

Failure of chromosomes to separate and results in loss or gain of a chromosome

Question 27

Aneuploidy

Answer 27

Where extra or fewer copies of certain genes or chromosomal regions are present

Question 28

Monosomy

Answer 28

• Type of aneuploidy

- one member of a pair of chromosomes is missing

Question 29

Trisomy

Answer 29

• Type of aneuploidy

- One extra chromosome is present

Question 30

Polysomy

Answer 30

• Type of aneuploidy

- more than 3 copies of a chromosome are present

Question 31

Polygenic

Answer 31

• Combined action of alleles of one or more gene

- where most human diseases come from

Question 32

Monogenic

Answer 32

Diseases or conditions that result from the action of alleles in one gene

Question 33

Mendelian Phenotypes

Answer 33

Single gene alterations

Question 34

Autosomal Dominant

Answer 34

Only one parent has to be affected for offspring to be affected