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Psychology Unit 4 > General terms > Flashcards

General terms Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

Precise statement which states the relationship between the variables being investigated.

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2
Q

What is the aim of a study?

A

General statement made by researcher to tell us the purpose of their study.

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of hypothesis?

A

Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis.

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of alternative hypothesis?

A

Directional and non-directional.

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5
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

States that the independent variable will not have an effect on the dependent variable.

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6
Q

What is a directional hypothesis?

A

States the direction of the relationship shown between variables.

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7
Q

What is a non-directional hypothesis?

A

States that the IV will effect the DV but not the direction of the relationship.

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8
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

Variable that is manipulated by the researcher or changes to have an effect on the DV.

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9
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

What is measured by the researcher and has been changed by the IV.

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10
Q

What is operationalising variables?

A

When the researcher is clearly defining variables in terms of how they are being measured.

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11
Q

What is an extraneous variable?

A

Any variable other than the IV that affects the DV and doesn’t vary systematically with the IV.

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12
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

A variable other than the IV that affects the DV but does change systematically with the IV.

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13
Q

Examples of extraneous variables?

A

Lighting, age of participants.

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14
Q

Example of confounding variables?

A

Time of day

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15
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

Any clue the researcher or research situation may give which allows participants to guess the aim of the investigation.

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16
Q

What are investigator effects?

A

Unwanted influence from the researchers behaviour, either conscious or unconscious, on the results.

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17
Q

What is randomisation?

A

Using chance to reduce the effects of bias from investigator effects.

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18
Q

What is standardisation?

A

Using standard procedures and instructions for all participants involved.

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19
Q

What are the different types of experimental method?

A

Laboratory, field, quasi and natural.

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20
Q

What is a laboratory experiment?

A

An experiment that takes place in a special environment where different variables can be carefully controlled.

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21
Q

What is a field experiment?

A

An experiment conducted in a more natural environment but with variables still being well controlled.

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22
Q

What is a quasi experiment?

A

An experiment where the IV has not been determined by the researcher as it naturally exists.

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23
Q

What is a natural experiment?

A

An experiment in which the IV is not brought about by the researcher and would’ve happened without the researcher being there.

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24
Q

What are the strengths of a laboratory experiment?

A

High degree of control - experimenters control all variables leading to greater accuracy.
Replication - researchers can repeat experiments to check results.

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25
Q

What are the limitations to laboratory experiments?

A

Experimenters bias - can effect results and participants may be influenced by expectations.
Low ecological validity - high degree of control make situation artificial and unlike real life.

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26
Q

What are the strengths of a field experiment?

A

Naturalistic - more natural behaviours so high ecological validity.
Controlled IV

27
Q

What are the limitations to field experiments?

A

Ethical considerations - Invasion of privacy and likely to be no informed consent.
Loss of control - over extraneous variables so precise replication not possible.

28
Q

What are the strengths of a quasi experiment?

A

Controlled conditions - makes it replicable, likely to have high internal validity.

29
Q

What are the limitations to quasi experiments?

A

Cannot randomly allocate participants - may be confounding variables making it harder to determine cause & effect relationship.

30
Q

What are the strengths of a natural experiment?

A

Provides opportunities - research would’ve otherwise been impossible due to practical/ethical reasons.
High external validity - dealing with real life issues.

31
Q

What are the limitations of natural experiments?

A

Natural occurring events - can be rare making it difficult to replicate so hard to generalise findings.
Difficult to randomise - confounding and extraneous variables become a problem.

32
Q

What is sampling?

A

How the researcher decides to select participants for their experiment.

33
Q

What are the sampling methods? (5)

A

Opportunity
Random
Systematic
Stratified
Volunteer

34
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

A

Participants happen to be available at the time and are recruited conveniently.

35
Q

What are the strengths of opportunity sampling?

A

Easy method, saves time and isn’t costly.

36
Q

What are the limitations of opportunity sampling?

A

Not representative of whole population so lacks generalisability. Researcher bias as researcher can control who they want to select.

37
Q

What is random sampling?

A

All members of population have equal chance to be selected. Each member of population is allocated a number which is then selected using a random number generator or lottery method.

38
Q

What are the strengths of random sampling?

A

No researcher bias and they have no influence on who is picked.

39
Q

What are the limitations of random sampling?

A

Time consuming as you need a list of sampling frame and contacting them takes time. Volunteer bias, some may refuse to take part and can make the sample unrepresentative.

40
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

A predetermined system is used where every nth member is selected from sampling frame.

41
Q

What are the strengths of systematic sampling?

A

Avoids researcher bias and is usually representative.

42
Q

What are the limitations to systematic sampling?

A

Not truly unbiased unless you use a random number generator and then start systematic sample.

43
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

Composition of sample reflects varying proportions of people in particular subgroubs within the wider population.

44
Q

What are the strengths of stratified sampling?

A

No researcher bias, selection within each stratum is random.
Produces representative data so generalisation is possible.

45
Q

What are the limitations of stratified sampling?

A

Time consuming to identify strata and contact people.
Complete representation of target population not possible as identified strata cannot reflect all differences between wider population.

46
Q

What is volunteer sampling?

A

Participant offers to take part in response to an advert or when asked to.

47
Q

What are the strengths of volunteer sampling?

A

Quick access to participants, easy and not time consuming.
As participants have willingly taken part they are more likely to cooperate.

48
Q

What are limitations of volunteer sampling?

A

Volunteer bias, study may attract particular profile of person affecting generalisability.
Motivations (such as money) could be driving to participation so participants may not tale study seriously.

49
Q

What are the different types of experimental design?

A

Independent groups, repeated measures and matched pairs.

50
Q

What is independent groups design?

A

Participants only perform in one condition of the independent variable.

51
Q

What are the strengths of independent groups design?

A

No order effects
Participants are less likely to guess the aim of study eliminating demand characteristics.

52
Q

What are limitations of independent groups design?

A

No control over participant variables which can cause changes to DV.
Need more participants than other designs in order to gather the same amount of data.

53
Q

What is repeated measures design?

A

Same participants take part in all conditions of the IV.

54
Q

What are the strengths of repeated measures?

A

Eliminates participant variables.
Less participants needed, not as time consuming.

55
Q

What are the limitations of repeated measures design?

A

Order effects, e.g participants may be bored by second condition effecting performance.

56
Q

What is matched pairs design?

A

Pairs of participants matched on variable that has been found to effect DV. One member or each pair does one condition while the other partakes in the other condition.

57
Q

What is a pilot study?

A

A small-scale version of an investigation which is done before the real investigation is undertaken.

58
Q

What is a single-blind procedure?

A

A research method in which the researchers do not tell the participants if they are being given the test treatment or the control treatment.

59
Q

What is a double-blind procedure?

A

A research method in which neither the participants or the researcher knows who is experiencing a particular treatment.

60
Q

What is a control condition?

A

Sets a baseline for results from the experimental condition can be compared to.

61
Q

What are the different types of observation technique?

A

Naturalistic, controlled, overt, covert, participant & non-participant

62
Q

What is a naturalistic observation?

A

Watching and recording behaviour in the setting where it would normally take place.

63
Q

What are the strengths of a naturalistic observation?

A

-High ecological validity
-High external validity as done in a natural environment

64
Q

What are the limitations of a naturalistic observation?

A

-Low ecological validity if participants become aware that they are being watched
- Replication can be difficult
-Uncontrolled confounding and extraneous variables are presented…?

Psychology Unit 4 (3 decks)

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