General Terminology And SC Morphology Flashcards
Forebrain is composed of what two structures
Cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon
Collections of cell bodies with a common function
Nucleus
Layers of gray matter over other parts of the CNS
Cortex
Tapering inferior end of the spinal cord: ________
Group of axons that project from the spinal cord inferior to the above structure: _______
Thin strand of pia mater that helps to anchor the conus medullaris to the coccyx: ________
Conus medullaris
Cauda equine
Filum terminal
Horn that consists of interneurons who’s processes remain within the spinal cord and projection neurons whose axons collect into ascending sensory pathways
Posterior horn
Distinctive region of gray matter that caps the posterior horn
Substantia gelatinosa
Part of posterior horn that consists of interneurons and projection neurons that transmit somatic and visceral sensory information
Body of the posterior horn
Substantia gelatinosa appears pale because it primarily deals with what kind of fibers
Finely myelinated/unmyelinated sensory fibers that carry pain and temperature information
White matter located between the substantia gelatinosa and the surface of the cord
Lissauer’s tract
Lower motor neurons are contained in which horn
Anterior horn
Autonomic nerves are contained within what area of the spinal cord
Intermediate gray matter
Preganglionic sympathetic neurons lie in what segments
T1-L3 primarily in the interomedial smell column
Sacral parasympathetics lie in what spinal cord levels
S2-S4 but do not form a distinct horn
Collection of large cells located on the medial surface off the posterior horn (T1-L2) that play a prominent role in sensory processing and typically treated as part of the posterior horn
Clark’s nucleus - posterior thoracic nucleus
Lamina that is a thin layer of gray matter covering the substantia gelatinosa
Layer 1
The substantia gelatinosa is what lamina. Level
Level II
Body of the posterior horn are what lamina level
III - VI
Lamina level that corresponds to the intermediate gray matter (including Clarke’s nucleus) but also includes extensions into anterior horn
Lamina VII
Lamina that comprises some of the interneurons zones of the anterior horn
Lamina VIII
Lamina that consists of clusters of motor neurons embedded in the anterior horn
Lamina IX
Lamina that is thae zone of gray matter surrounding the central canal
Lamina X
Nucleus that modulates the transmission of pain and temperature information
Found at all levels in lamina II
Substantia gelatinosa
Sensory processing nucleus found in all levels at Lamina III-VI
Body of posterior horn
Posterior spinocerebellar tract cells found at T1-L2 in the VIII lamina nucleus
Clarke’s nucleus
Bundle of axon fibers in the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway of SC that carries sensory information from the arms
Fasciculus cuneatus
Bundle of axons fibers in the posterior column-dial lemniscus pathway of SC that carries sensory information from the middle thoracic and lower limbs of the body
Fasciculus gracilis
Sensory axons enter the spinal cord on what side
Dorsal root ganglion
Motor axons emerge the spinal cord from what side
Anterior horn
White matter contains what 3 direction of axons
Long descending
Long ascending
Local axons interconnecting different spinal levels
Gray matter contains what things
Motor neuron cell bodies
Endings of incoming sensory axons
Second order sensory cell bodies (axons entering ascending tracts to relay sensory information. To brainstem and forebrain)
Endings of long descending tracts and local interneurons
Increase total cortical area and total number ofcortical neurons
Folding into gyri and sulci
Huge fiber bundle that joins the two hemispheres
Corpus callosum
Lobe that extends from the frontal pole to central sulcus
Contained by the cingulate sulcus medially and the lateral sulcus laterally
Continues inferiorly as the orbital part of the _______ lobe
Frontal lobe
Lobe that extends to the lateral sulcus to the line connecting the top of the parietoccipital sulcus and preoccipital notch
Temporal lobe
Lobe that extends from the central sulcus to an imaginary line connecting the top of the parietoccipital sulcus and preoccipital notch
Parietal lobe
Strip of cortex that encircles the telencephalon-diencephalon junction
Limbic lobe
The nervous system develops from the neural tube that contains a central cavity. This cavity persists in adults as
A system of interconnected ventricles
Lateral ventricles —> interventricular foraen -> 3rd ventricle —> cerebral aqueduct —> 4th ventricle —> central canal
White matter that connects cortical areas within the same sulci/gyri
Arcuate fibers
White matter that connects cortical areas within the same hemisphere
Longitudinal/Association fasciculi
White mater that connects cortical areas within R/L hemispheres
Commissural tracts
White matter that connects cortical areas with other body regions
Projection tracts
Largest fiber bundle in the brain that interconnects the two cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum
Additional area of the cerebral cortex not included in the five lobes
Concealed by frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
Insula
What four gyrus make up the lateral surface of the frontal lobe
Precentral gyrus
Superior
Middle
Inferior gyrus
The primary motor cortex is housed within the ________ Gyrus
Precentral gyrus
Also within the precentral gyrus are the _________ and _________ motor areas
Functionally related to the planning and initiation of voluntary movements
Premotor and supplementary motor
The parietal lobe is made up of what three gyrus
Postcentral gyrus, superior and inferior parietal gyrus
Functions of parietal gyri
Postcentral: primary somatosensory cortex; controls w/ processing of tactile and proprioceptive information and sensory localization
Inferior - language comprehension (only on left)
Remainder - spatial orientation and directing attention
Auditory areas are contained within what lobe
Temporal lobe
Temporal lobe composed of what gyri
Superior middle and inferior gyri
Four functions of the temporal lobe
Primary auditory cortex
Wernicke’s area - comprehension
Higher order processing of visual information
Learning and memory
Visual areas are contained within the ______ lobe
Occipital lobe
A wedge shaped area between the parietoccipital and calcarine sulcus
Cuneus
Inferior to the calcarine sulcus and continuous with the parahippocampal gyrus is the ______ gyrus
Lingual
The primary visual cortex is contained within the _____ sulcus
Calcarine sulcus
The limbic lobe is composed of two gyri
The cingulate and parahippocampal gyri
Lies beneath the uncus of the temporal lobe
Amygdala
Four divisions of the diencephalon
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalaus
Subthalamus
Nearly every pathway carrying specific information bound for the cerebral cortex from the subcortical site includes a stop in what brain center
Thalamus
What brain region controls the autonomic nervous system
Hypothalamus
Divisions of the brainstem
Midbrain - continuous with the diencephalon
Pons
Medulla - continuous with the spinal cord
Lobes of the cerebellum
Anterior - affferents from the spinal cord- coordinates trunk and limb movements
Flocculonodular lobe - recieves afferents from the vestibular system, invovled in controlling eye movements and postural adjustments to gravity
Posterior lobe -recieves afferents from the cerebral cortex via the pons; plays ar ole in coordination of voluntary movements
What are the basal nuclei
Caudate nucleus
Lenticular nucleus
Axons of primary afferents enter the CNS with/without crossing the midline
Without
With a few exceptions, the components of sensory primary afferents are all _______
Ipsilateral
