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NSI Exam 2 > General Terminology And SC Morphology > Flashcards

General Terminology And SC Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

Forebrain is composed of what two structures

A

Cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon

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2
Q

Collections of cell bodies with a common function

A

Nucleus

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3
Q

Layers of gray matter over other parts of the CNS

A

Cortex

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4
Q

Tapering inferior end of the spinal cord: ________

Group of axons that project from the spinal cord inferior to the above structure: _______

Thin strand of pia mater that helps to anchor the conus medullaris to the coccyx: ________

A

Conus medullaris

Cauda equine

Filum terminal

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5
Q

Horn that consists of interneurons who’s processes remain within the spinal cord and projection neurons whose axons collect into ascending sensory pathways

A

Posterior horn

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6
Q

Distinctive region of gray matter that caps the posterior horn

A

Substantia gelatinosa

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7
Q

Part of posterior horn that consists of interneurons and projection neurons that transmit somatic and visceral sensory information

A

Body of the posterior horn

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8
Q

Substantia gelatinosa appears pale because it primarily deals with what kind of fibers

A

Finely myelinated/unmyelinated sensory fibers that carry pain and temperature information

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9
Q

White matter located between the substantia gelatinosa and the surface of the cord

A

Lissauer’s tract

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10
Q

Lower motor neurons are contained in which horn

A

Anterior horn

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11
Q

Autonomic nerves are contained within what area of the spinal cord

A

Intermediate gray matter

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12
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons lie in what segments

A

T1-L3 primarily in the interomedial smell column

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13
Q

Sacral parasympathetics lie in what spinal cord levels

A

S2-S4 but do not form a distinct horn

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14
Q

Collection of large cells located on the medial surface off the posterior horn (T1-L2) that play a prominent role in sensory processing and typically treated as part of the posterior horn

A

Clark’s nucleus - posterior thoracic nucleus

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15
Q

Lamina that is a thin layer of gray matter covering the substantia gelatinosa

A

Layer 1

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16
Q

The substantia gelatinosa is what lamina. Level

A

Level II

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17
Q

Body of the posterior horn are what lamina level

A

III - VI

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18
Q

Lamina level that corresponds to the intermediate gray matter (including Clarke’s nucleus) but also includes extensions into anterior horn

A

Lamina VII

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19
Q

Lamina that comprises some of the interneurons zones of the anterior horn

A

Lamina VIII

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20
Q

Lamina that consists of clusters of motor neurons embedded in the anterior horn

A

Lamina IX

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21
Q

Lamina that is thae zone of gray matter surrounding the central canal

A

Lamina X

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22
Q

Nucleus that modulates the transmission of pain and temperature information
Found at all levels in lamina II

A

Substantia gelatinosa

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23
Q

Sensory processing nucleus found in all levels at Lamina III-VI

A

Body of posterior horn

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24
Q

Posterior spinocerebellar tract cells found at T1-L2 in the VIII lamina nucleus

A

Clarke’s nucleus

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25
Q

Bundle of axon fibers in the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway of SC that carries sensory information from the arms

A

Fasciculus cuneatus

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26
Q

Bundle of axons fibers in the posterior column-dial lemniscus pathway of SC that carries sensory information from the middle thoracic and lower limbs of the body

A

Fasciculus gracilis

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27
Q

Sensory axons enter the spinal cord on what side

A

Dorsal root ganglion

28
Q

Motor axons emerge the spinal cord from what side

A

Anterior horn

29
Q

White matter contains what 3 direction of axons

A

Long descending
Long ascending
Local axons interconnecting different spinal levels

30
Q

Gray matter contains what things

A

Motor neuron cell bodies
Endings of incoming sensory axons
Second order sensory cell bodies (axons entering ascending tracts to relay sensory information. To brainstem and forebrain)
Endings of long descending tracts and local interneurons

31
Q

Increase total cortical area and total number ofcortical neurons

A

Folding into gyri and sulci

32
Q

Huge fiber bundle that joins the two hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

33
Q

Lobe that extends from the frontal pole to central sulcus
Contained by the cingulate sulcus medially and the lateral sulcus laterally

Continues inferiorly as the orbital part of the _______ lobe

A

Frontal lobe

34
Q

Lobe that extends to the lateral sulcus to the line connecting the top of the parietoccipital sulcus and preoccipital notch

A

Temporal lobe

35
Q

Lobe that extends from the central sulcus to an imaginary line connecting the top of the parietoccipital sulcus and preoccipital notch

A

Parietal lobe

36
Q

Strip of cortex that encircles the telencephalon-diencephalon junction

A

Limbic lobe

37
Q

The nervous system develops from the neural tube that contains a central cavity. This cavity persists in adults as

A

A system of interconnected ventricles

Lateral ventricles —> interventricular foraen -> 3rd ventricle —> cerebral aqueduct —> 4th ventricle —> central canal

38
Q

White matter that connects cortical areas within the same sulci/gyri

A

Arcuate fibers

39
Q

White matter that connects cortical areas within the same hemisphere

A

Longitudinal/Association fasciculi

40
Q

White mater that connects cortical areas within R/L hemispheres

A

Commissural tracts

41
Q

White matter that connects cortical areas with other body regions

A

Projection tracts

42
Q

Largest fiber bundle in the brain that interconnects the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

43
Q

Additional area of the cerebral cortex not included in the five lobes
Concealed by frontal, parietal and temporal lobes

A

Insula

44
Q

What four gyrus make up the lateral surface of the frontal lobe

A

Precentral gyrus
Superior
Middle
Inferior gyrus

45
Q

The primary motor cortex is housed within the ________ Gyrus

A

Precentral gyrus

46
Q

Also within the precentral gyrus are the _________ and _________ motor areas
Functionally related to the planning and initiation of voluntary movements

A

Premotor and supplementary motor

47
Q

The parietal lobe is made up of what three gyrus

A

Postcentral gyrus, superior and inferior parietal gyrus

48
Q

Functions of parietal gyri

A

Postcentral: primary somatosensory cortex; controls w/ processing of tactile and proprioceptive information and sensory localization

Inferior - language comprehension (only on left)

Remainder - spatial orientation and directing attention

49
Q

Auditory areas are contained within what lobe

A

Temporal lobe

50
Q

Temporal lobe composed of what gyri

A

Superior middle and inferior gyri

51
Q

Four functions of the temporal lobe

A

Primary auditory cortex
Wernicke’s area - comprehension
Higher order processing of visual information
Learning and memory

52
Q

Visual areas are contained within the ______ lobe

A

Occipital lobe

53
Q

A wedge shaped area between the parietoccipital and calcarine sulcus

A

Cuneus

54
Q

Inferior to the calcarine sulcus and continuous with the parahippocampal gyrus is the ______ gyrus

A

Lingual

55
Q

The primary visual cortex is contained within the _____ sulcus

A

Calcarine sulcus

56
Q

The limbic lobe is composed of two gyri

A

The cingulate and parahippocampal gyri

57
Q

Lies beneath the uncus of the temporal lobe

A

Amygdala

58
Q

Four divisions of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalaus
Subthalamus

59
Q

Nearly every pathway carrying specific information bound for the cerebral cortex from the subcortical site includes a stop in what brain center

A

Thalamus

60
Q

What brain region controls the autonomic nervous system

A

Hypothalamus

61
Q

Divisions of the brainstem

A

Midbrain - continuous with the diencephalon
Pons
Medulla - continuous with the spinal cord

62
Q

Lobes of the cerebellum

A

Anterior - affferents from the spinal cord- coordinates trunk and limb movements

Flocculonodular lobe - recieves afferents from the vestibular system, invovled in controlling eye movements and postural adjustments to gravity

Posterior lobe -recieves afferents from the cerebral cortex via the pons; plays ar ole in coordination of voluntary movements

63
Q

What are the basal nuclei

A

Caudate nucleus

Lenticular nucleus

64
Q

Axons of primary afferents enter the CNS with/without crossing the midline

A

Without

65
Q

With a few exceptions, the components of sensory primary afferents are all _______

A

Ipsilateral

NSI Exam 2 (3 decks)

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