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Introduction to biological sciences > General Stuff To Remember > Flashcards

General Stuff To Remember Flashcards

1
Q

Which four scientists helped create the DNA model?

A

James Watson
Francis Crick
Maurice wilkins
Rosalind Franklin

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2
Q

Convergent evolution arises when?

A

Similar evolutionary pressures cause two organisms to have similar morphological features, traits, conformations and behaviors despite being distantly related.

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3
Q

What are the waves of mammalian precursors?

A
  1. ) Pelycosaur
  2. ) Therapsids
  3. ) Cynodonts
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4
Q

In which direction is DNA read by humans?

A

5 Prime to 3 Prime.

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5
Q

Genomic DNA is located where?

A

In the chromosomes within the cell. mitochondrial DNA, ribosomal DNA and other extra nuclear DNA are also located within the chromosomes.

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6
Q

Restriction enzymes do what?

A

cut double stranded DNA at specific sequences, called restriction sites.

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7
Q

Who invented the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

Kary Mullis

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8
Q

What is the Genome?

A

The complete DNA blueprint for an organism, including all the genes and their combined encoded functions, along with the ‘instructions’ to orchestrate gene expression on a global level.

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9
Q

What is the balanced equation for photosynthesis?

A

602 + 6H20 -> C6H1206 + 602

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10
Q

How many mechanisms of photosynthesis are there?

A

3:
C3 photosynthesis
C4 photosynthesis
CAM photosynthesis

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11
Q

How many stages are involved in C3 photosynthesis?

A

2:

Light dependent reactions, Light independent reactions.

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12
Q

What is the differences between adaptation and acclimation?

A

adaptation: ‘permanent’, long-term. Inheritable. Often characteristic of a species

Acclimation:
‘temporary’, short-term. Often influenced by environment.
But capacity to acclimate may be an adaptation.

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13
Q

What is sex?

A

Gene recombination.

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14
Q

What is mullers ratchet?

A

A powerful reason why reproducing clonally may not be a good idea in populations

Things to note:
Harmful (deleterious mutations) will simply happen by chance
Back mutations are very rare
One round of sex (mixing of genetic information from two parents) can get rid of the harmful mutations

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15
Q

What is anabolism?

A

the linking of simple molecules to form more complex molecules, which requires the input of energy.

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16
Q

What is catabolism?

A

the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler molecules, which releases energy.

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17
Q

What macromolecules do we associate with life?

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids.

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18
Q

What causes hunger and what regulates this sensation?

A

Satiety signals.
Neuropeptides.
Hormones.

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19
Q

Where are neuropeptides produced?

A

Produced by groups of neurones in the hypothalamus.

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20
Q

What is leptin and what is it’s function?

A

A recently discovered peptide, which behaves like a hormone and a cytokine.
Leptin targets hypothalamic satiety neuropeptide receptors.

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21
Q

What and where is Wallace’s line?

A

Wallace’s Line marks the boundary between fauna from SE Asia and Australia.

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22
Q

what is solifluction?

A

freeze thaw movement

segregation of soil material.

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23
Q

How do plants survive and complete their life cycle in tundra environments?

A

Adaptations in:
Temperature control
Freeze injury avoidance
Reproductive strategy

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24
Q

What are heliotropic responses?

A

Sun tracking movements can maximise absorption of short wave radiation.

25
Q

How do plants avoid freeze thaw injury?

A

Generate and accumulate solutes which act as an anti-freeze by depressing the freezing point of cell sap.

26
Q

How do insects avoid freeze thaw injury?

A

Get rid of ice nucleators (eg food particles in gut)

Synthesise polyols (polyhydroxy alcohols) and sugars to decrease freezing point

Synthesise antifreeze proteins to stabilise the supercooled state

27
Q

how do insects tolerate freezing?

A

Synthesise ice nucleators to initiate freezing in extracellular areas

Synthesise polyols and sugars to decrease intracellular freezing point

Synthesise antifreeze proteins to inhibit secondary
recrystallisation during thaw.

28
Q

What are the dates of the five great mass extinctions?

A

Cretaceous-Tertiary 65 MYA.

End Triassic 199 to 214 MYA.

Permian-Triassic 251 MYA.

Late Devonian 364 MYA.

Ordovician-Silurian 439 MYA.

29
Q

What are the three different principles of animal movement?

A

amoeboid movement.
ciliary and flagellar movement.
muscle contraction.

30
Q

What are skeletal muscles comprised of?

A

Skeletal muscle is made up of fibres bundled together by connective tissue.

31
Q

What are myofibrils made of?

A

Myofibrils are made up of repeated contractile units of actin and myosin filaments, which are called sarcomeres.

32
Q

What is actin?

A

Actin filaments consist of 2 chains of actin proteins arranged in a helix.
A linear protein, tropomyosin, twists around each actin chain.
Another protein, troponin, is bound to actin and tropomyosin at regular intervals.

33
Q

What is Myosin

A

Myosin filaments are bundles of myosin molecules.

Each myosin molecule has 2 coiled polypeptide chains, each ending in a globular head.

The molecules are arranged in bundles with the globular heads sticking out laterally, where they can interact with the actin filaments that overlap them.

34
Q

What does adenine bond to?

A

Thymine

35
Q

What does Cytosine bond to?

A

Guanine

36
Q

Where is tertradoxin found?

A

in the liver of the fugu fish.

37
Q

what is the strongest biological material?

A

Limpets teeth.

38
Q

What is the function of the dendrites?

A

to receive information from other neurons.

39
Q

What is contained in the cell body?

A

The nucleus and most of the cell organelles.

40
Q

What is the function of the axon hillock?

A

The axon hillock integrates information collected by the dendrites and initiates action potentials.

41
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

To conduct action potentials away from the cell body.

42
Q

What do axon terminals do?

A

Synapse with a target cell.

43
Q

What are the two ways signals that are conducted along a nerve cell?

A

Through graded potentials i.e. like electrical signals travelling along a wire.

Through action potentials (Basically all or nothing signals)

44
Q

What happens during action potentials?

A

K+ (potassium) and Na+ (sodium) ions move across the membranes at the nodes of Raniver during ‘saltatory conduction’

45
Q

What happens at a synapse?

A

Na+ channels open and depolarization makes Ca2+ gates open.

Ca2+ enters the cell and triggers the fusion of acteylcoline.

Acetylcoline molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

When the acteylcoline binds they open their cation channels and depolarize the membrane.

The spreading depolariszation fires an action potential in the postsynaptic membrane.

Acetylcoline is then recycled.

46
Q

What are the two types of intelligence?

A

Machiavellian intelligence.

Quotidian cognition and expedience.

47
Q

Is having a bigger brain better?

A

No, mass is not related to the amount of neurons in the brain.

48
Q

What is Fick’s law of diffusion?

A

The rate of diffusion of a gas between two media.

49
Q

What is the equation for Fick’s law of diffusion?

A

Q= DA(P1-P2/L)

Q is the rate at which a substance diffuses between two locations.
D is the diffusion coefficient.
A is the cross-sectional area over which the substance is diffusing.
P1 and P2 are the partial pressures of the gas at two locations.
L is the distance between these locations.

50
Q

What are some ways that animal optimise partial pressure?

A

Minimise path length.

Ventilation: active movement of external medium

Perfusion: active movement of internal medium

51
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

The pressure of gas decreases as the volume increases.

52
Q

What is an ectotherm?

A

An organism that is dependent on external sources of body heat.

53
Q

What are the benefits of ectothermy?

A

Because they require less food, ectotherms can quietly hide away from predators

Ectotherms can put proportionally more of their energy into reproduction

They need less water because they lose less by evaporation

54
Q

What is a homeotherm?

A

an organism that maintains its body temperature at a constant level, usually above that of the environment, by its metabolic activity.

55
Q

What are some general mammalian characteristics?

A

Body raised, vertical legs (mostly)

Lower jaw is a single bone

Presence of hair

Advanced parental
care

Complex teeth
(mostly)

Endothermic homeotherms (difficult to find evidence in mammalian precursors)

56
Q

Endothems must always what?

A

Obtain plenty of oxygen, even at rest.

57
Q

What are the roles of the immune system?

A

Recognition – detect pathogens

Effector functions – neutralise and destroy the pathogen

Regulation – minimise damage to self

58
Q

What is the innate immune system?

A

Non-specific, immediate protection that does not depend upon prior exposure to a pathogen

e.g. skin and analogous structures.

59
Q

What is Bergmanns rule?

A

That as temperatures decrease, average body size will increase.

Introduction to biological sciences (1 decks)

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