General Science Flashcards
Science
- study of facts related to the environment
- “scire” or to know
Branches:
Physical
Physics- matter and energy
Chemistry- composition and structure of matter
Astronomy-universe
Branches:
Earth
Geology-Earth’s structure
Oceanography-ocean
Paleontology-forms of life in prehistoric period
Meteorology-phenomenon in the atmosphere
Branches:
Biology
Botany-plants
Zoology - animals
Genetics- heredity
Medicine - diagnosing illness
To explain phenomenon in nature
Scientific method
Observed by the senses
Phenomenon
Scientifically tested observation
Fact
Comparing a quantity with a chosen standard
Measurement
Measurement used by scientists
International system
Measures current
Ampere
Measures amount of substance
Moles
Measures light
Candelas
Scale based on 32 in freezing point of water and 212 for boiling point
Fahrenheit
Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit
F = 9/5 (C) + 32
Scale based on 0 for freezing point of water and 100 for boiling point
Celsius
Convert F to C
C = 5/9 (F-32)
Base unit of thermodynamic temperature
Kelvin
Amount of space occupied by an object
Volume
Mass of the object per unit volume
Volume
Downward force exerted by earth on all objects
Gravitational force
Ability to remain at rest
Inertia
Resists the sliding movement between two surfaces
Friction
Drives a thing inward toward a center of rotation
Centripetal force
Enables a thing to exert an equal and opposite force
Force of gravity
Strongest force that holds protons and neutrons together
Nuclear force
Binds electrons to nucleus
Electromagnetic force
Quantity of matter in an object
Mass
Measure of pull of gravity
Weight
It is done when the force applied moves the object to the direction of the force
Work
Formula for work
Force x displacement
Causes motion or change in motion
Force
Distance and direction through which an object is moved
Displacement
Unit of work
Joule or Newton-meter
How many grams in 1 N?
100 g
Mechanical device that helps us to do work
Machine
Rigid body pivoted about a fulcrum
Lever
Pliers, hammers, nutcrackers and table knife are examples of:
Lever
A wheel with a grooved rim (ex: flagpole)
Pulley
With a wheel attached to an axle (Ex: doorknob, eggbeater, screwdriver)
Wheel and axle
A flat surface with one higher than the other (ex: ladder)
Inclined plane
An inclined plane with sloping slides (ex: nail, scissors, knife)
Wedges
Spiral inclined planes
Screw
Total energy coming from all the molecules in a body
Thermal energy
Energy that flows from one body to another due to temp. difference
Heat energy
Energy of electrons flowing through conductors
Electrical energy
Energy stored in matter due to arrangement of molecules
Chemical energy
Energy of different kinds of rays
Radiant energy
Energy released from nuclear fusion or fission of elements
Nuclear energy
Transfer of heat from molecule to molecule until it spreads throughout the material
Conduction
Transfer of heat when a gas or liquid moves from a place to another
Convection
Transfer of heat in all directions around them
Radiation
Being mined formed from trees and other vegetation
Coal
Liquid mixture of gaseous liquid and solid hydrogen
Petroleum
Composed of carbon and hydrogen
Natural gas
Production of electricity through generators
Hydroelectric power
Thermal energy inside the earth
Geothermal energy
Energy harnessed through windmill
Wind energy
Energy from the sun
Thermal energy
Consists of granite and thicker than the other
Continental crust
Consists of basalt
Oceanic crust
When one tectonic plate bends beneath the other
Subduction
Movements of the earth’s crust
Diastrophism
Types of volcanoes
Active
Dormant
Extinct
A broad, shallow volcanic cone from running lava
Shield volcano
Has steep convex slope from fast-cooling lava
Dome volcano
Alternate layers of ash and cinder
Ash-cinder volcano
Has many little craters on its slope
Composite volcano
Older volcano with larger crater
Caldera volcano
Rock formed by from solidified magma
Igneous
Formed when sediments get packed together
Sedimentary
Transformed by heat and pressure
Metamorphic
Breaking down of rocks
Weatherint
Water expands when it freezes
Frost wedging
Rocks break off into sheets parallel to ground surface
Exfoliation
Repeated daily heating and cooling off of rock
Thermal expansion
Rock reacts with water, gases and solutions
Chemical weathering
Rocks that hang from ceiling
Stalactites
Rocks on the ground
Stalagmites
Process by which rocks are carried along by agents like wind
Erosion
Process in which rocks carried by agents of erosion are dropped to another place
Deposition
Rock fragments get cemented together and harden into rock
Compacting
Change in constitution of a rock brought by pressure or heat
Metamorphism
Solid, inorganic substances found on and in Earth
-Building blocks of rock
Minerals
Occurs when the temperature of the land is higher than the temp. of water
Sea breeze
Occurs when land water temp. are warm and land temp. are cool
Land breeze
Gas that comes from burning of fossil fuels and cannot be smelled
Carbon monoxide
Gas from burning of fossil fuels. It has strong smell
Nitrogen dioxide
Solid or liquid matter suspended in the air
Particulate matter
Gas that cannot be seen or smelled in low levels and has a rotten egg smell in high levels
Sulfur dioxide
Blue-gray metal that is very toxic
Lead
Chemicals that are known to cause cancer (arsenic, benzene)
Toxic air pollutants
Chemicals that can destroy ozone (CFC, chlorin)
Stratospheric ozone depleter
Thin and feathery type of cloud
Cirrus
Clouds that look like small patches of white
Cirrocumulus
Thin and white sheet clouds
Cirrostratus
Clouds like low and gray blanket
Stratus
Flat-bottomed white puffy clouds
Cumulus
Mountains of heavy, dark clouds
Cumulonimbus
Wind system from North
Northeast trade wind
Originates from southeast trade winds
Southwest monsoon (habagat)
Wind originating from east
Northeast monsoon (amihan)
Low pressure areas in the tropics
Cyclones
Has wind speed of less than 63 kph
Tropical depression
Wind speed of 63-118
Tropical storm
Wind speed of more than 118
Typhoon
Results from the buildup and discharge of electrical energy between positively and negatively charged area during thunderstorms
Lightning
Molecule with 3 oxygen atoms
Ozone
Portion of uv light that are known to cause skin cancer
UVB
