General Review Flashcards
Nervous tissue contains two categories of cells:
Neurons & Neuroglial Cells
What are the 2 parts of the Nervous System?
Central Nervous System (CNS)
& Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The Peripheral Nervous System contains 2 parts called__.
Somatic Nervous System (Voluntary)
&
Autonomic Nervous System (Involuntary)
Somatic (Voluntary) sends to___.
Skeletal Muscles
Autonomic (Involuntary) sends to ____.
Smooth muscles, Cardiac muscles, & Glands.
What are the 3 general functions of the Nervous System?
- Receiving stimuli (Sensory function)
- Deciding about stimuli (Integrative function)
- Reacting to stimuli (Motor function)
Remember “SIM” for function
Neurons share what certain features?
Dendrites, cell body, and axon.
If myelinated, a cell body will be____, and an axon will be___.
grey, white
White matter contains___.
Myelinated axons.
Grey matter contains___.
unmyelinated structures
In which 2 locations is gray matter surrounded by white?
Spinal cord & Cerebrum
In which 2 locations are white matter surrounded by grey matter?
Cerebral & Cerebellum
This is reversed from the spinal cord & cerebrum
True or False:
All Sensory Neurons are Uni-Polar.
TRUE
Bipolar has how many poles?
2
Unipolar neurons have how many poles?
1
Multipolar neurons have how many poles?
Many (Most neurons of the CNS)
What cells myelinate axons in PNS?
Schwann Cells
What cells myelinate axons in CNS?
Oligodenrocytes
Name #1 out of the 4 types of cells in CNS & its function.
- Microglia- “garbage man” removes damaged neurons & infections.
Name #2 out of the 4 types of cells in CNS & it’s function.
- Astrocyte- formation of blood/brain barrier
Name #3 out of the 4 types of cells in CNS & its function.
- Oligodendrocyte- myelinates axons
Name #4 out of the 4 types of cells in CNS & its function.
- Eperidyma - lines ventricles of the brain
Synapse =
Space
“Messenger” that is released when impulse reaches synaptic knob. Ex; serotonin, dopamine.
Neurotransmitter
What is the Cell Membrane Potential?
-70mV
Na+ (sodium) into the cell causes__?
Depolarization
K+ (potassium) out of the cell causes____?
Repolarization
During depolarization which gated channels are opened?
Na+ Sodium
Closure of the Na+ gate & the opening of the K+ gate happens during___.
Repolarization
When channels remain open after potential reaches its resting level.
Hyperpolarization
Membranes that protect the CNS: (3 total)
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pia mater
The “tough mother” outer layer meninge closest to the skull, which covers and protects the brain & spinal cord.
Dura Mater
“spider web-like” layer meninge that contains CSF & is made of collagen and elastic fibers.
Arachnoid Mater
“faithful mother” layer meninge which clings to the brain and encapsulates blood vessels.
Pia Mater
The slender column of nervous tissue that is continuous with the brain & brainstem, extends downward through the vertebral canal.
Spinal Cord
The tapered end of the spinal cord.
Conus Medullaris
Sack of nerve roots at the end of the spinal cord.
Cauda Equina.
5 parts of reflex arcs.
- Receptor
- Sensory Neuron
- Interneuron
- Motor Neuron
- Effector
_____ tracts conduct SENSORY impulse TO the brain.
Ascending
_____ tracts conduct MOTOR impulses FROM the brain.
Descending
List 4 major parts of the brain.
Brainstem, Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Diencephalon.
BCCD
The Cerebrum contains:
Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobes.
The Diencephalon contains:
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus.
Brain Stem contains:
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
Insula contains:
Hippocampus
Limbic System contains:
Amygdala
2 Types of nerves in PNS
Cranial & Spinal
Somatic fibers connecting to skin & skeletal muscles.
Cranial Nerves
Structures of a Peripheral Nerve. 3 layers.
Endoneurium (inner)
Perineurium (middle)
Epineurium (outer)
Nerves that arise from the spinal cord.
Spinal Nerves
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
Which nerves are intercostal and do not form plexuses?
T2-T12
The only spinal nerve WITHOUT a dermatone.
C1
Spinal Nerves C1 - C8 are called
Cervial Nerves
Spinal Nerves T1 - T12 are called
Thoracic Nerves
Spinal Nerves L1 - L5 are called
Lumbar Nerves
Spinal nerves S1 - S5 are called
Sacral Nerves
Spinal Nerve Co or Cc is called
Coccygeal Nerve
A cluster of nerves that are formed by different spinal nerves.
Nerve Plexuses
Which nerve is formed in the cervical plexus and supplies the diaphragm?
Phrenic nerve
Which nerve is formed in the brachial plexus and is the only nerve to go through the carpel tunnel?
Median Nerve
Which nerve is formed in the lumbosacral plexus and stimulates movement of the leg muscle?
Sciatic Nerve
Without conscious effort: Smooth Muscles, cardiac muscles, glands.
Autonomic
2 Parts of the Autonomic Nervous System.
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
With conscious effort, Skeletal muscles
Somatic nervous system
Fight or Flight
Sympathetic
Resting & Digesting
Parasympathetic
