General Respiratory (Weeks 1 & 2)

Question 1

What does the Bohr effect state?

Answer 1

The oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the RIGHT due to conditions in the tissues and results in MORE OXYGEN being RELEASED.

Question 2

What does the Haldane effect quantify?

Answer 2

As O2 is removed from Hb (haemoglobin), Hb ability to pick up CO2 & Co2-generated H+ ions is increased.

Question 3

What is Henry’s law?

Answer 3

Henry’s law states that the amount of gas dissolved in a given type and volume of liquid at a constant tempertaure is PROPORTIONAL to the PARTIAL PRESSURE of said gas in equilibrium with the liquid.

Question 4

O2 is mostly transported via

Answer 4

Being bound to Hb

Question 5

Some O2 is however transported

Answer 5

Dissolved in solution (i.e dissolved in blood)

Question 6

CO2 is transported via

Answer 6

Dissolved as bicarbonate

Question 7

What anatomical landmark would align with the carina:
A - Right 4th Rib
B - Between ribs 4-6
C - Superior to the clavicle 
D - Rib 2
E - 2nd intercostal space

Answer 7

D - Rib 2

Question 8

What anatomical landmarks would align with:
the horizontal fissure of the lungs
the posterior oblique fissure of the lungs

Answer 8

Horizontal? = Right 4th Rib

Oblique posteriorly? T3 vertebrae

Question 9

What vessel carries deoxygenated blood, drains into the superior vena cava and arches round the right lung root (aka the hilum)?

Answer 9

The Azygous vein

Question 10

What vessel(s) arises from the anterior surface of the descending aorta?

Answer 10

The bronchial arteries.

Question 11

What respiratory structures are surrounded by vessels and may appear black on dissection?

Answer 11

The pulmonary lymph nodes

Question 12

What is alveolar interdependence?

Answer 12

It is the mechanism which maintains alveolar patency through the elastic recoil of surrounding alveoli preventing alveloar collapse.

Question 13

Name the product of type II alveolar cells that opposes alveolar surface tension

Answer 13

Alveolar surfactant

Question 14

Why is the transmural pressure gradient important?

Answer 14

This gradient keeps the visceral and the parietal pleurae closely opposed. This gradient can be overcome by pneumothorax.

Question 15

What type of chemoreceptors detect arterial oxygen partial pressure and when stimulated can cause hyperventilation and increased cardiac output?

Answer 15

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Question 16

Name the chemoreceptors found in the brainstem that respond to CSF {H+}.

Answer 16

Central chemoreceptors in the medulla

Question 17

What chemoreceptors can compensate for metabolic acidosis by triggering the elimination of CO2?

Answer 17

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 18

Symptoms & results = hyperventilation with severe metabolic acidosis, what is a likely diagnosis?

Answer 18

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Question 19

What would be signs and symptoms of someone with acute mountain sickness?

Answer 19

Fatigue, headache, tachycardia, dizziness and SOB - slipping into unconsciousness

Question 20

What would be a chronic adaptation caused by hypoxia?

Answer 20

Increased mitochondria, 2,3-BPG, capillaries and polycythaemia (Increased concentration of haemoglobin) with metabolic acidosis

Question 21

When would prednisolone be used?

Answer 21

Used in severe or intractable rhinitis, acute asthma or an exacerbation of COPD.

Given orally.