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MCBG > General Qs for MCBG > Flashcards

General Qs for MCBG Flashcards

1
Q

Which bond forms between sugar and base?

A

Glycosidic

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2
Q

Where are phosphodiester bonds formed?

A

Between sugar and phosphate

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3
Q

Which end 5’ or 3’ makes new phosphodiester bonds in DNA replication?

A

3- OH end

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4
Q

Which base pairs form 3 hydrogen bonds and which form 2 between them?

A

GC - 3

AT (U) - 2

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5
Q

Why do H+ bonds between base pairs have a different bond lengths

A

because of the different structures of the bases

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6
Q

which carbon of deoxyribose does the base attach, phosphate attach, and another nucleotide attach

A

base - carbon 1
Phosphate - carbon 5
another nucleotide - carbon 3

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7
Q

When are the two cell cycle ‘check points’?

A

G1 - before S

G2- before M

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8
Q

How does prokaryotic cell DNA replicate?

A

Initiation - Elongation - Termination of circular DNA

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9
Q

Where are protease, lipase, amylase and ribonuclease secreted from?

A

Pancreas

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10
Q

Whats pinicytosis

A

Liquid endocytosed

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11
Q

Why would a cell have cytoplasmic extensions?

A

Move towards bacteria- phagocytose

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12
Q

What is the direction of golgi processing

A

in - cis

out - trans

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13
Q

What do glycogen inclusions look like on EM?

A

Small black speckled dots

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14
Q

Where does replication of organelles occur in cell cycle?

A

G1

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15
Q

What is the telomere repeating code?

A

TTAGGG

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16
Q

Where is submetacentric centromere location?

A

Between acrocentric and metacentric

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17
Q

What is it called where the spindle attaches to centromere in mitosis?

A

Kinetochore

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18
Q

Where do the spindles arise from in the cell poles?

A

Pair of centrioles

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19
Q

What are the spindles made of in mitosis?

A

Microtubules

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20
Q

What are the phases of mitosis and what occurs?

A

Prophase: nuclear envelope disappears, mitotic spindles form, chromosomes begin to condense
Pro metaphase: chromosomes condense, spindles attach to centromere - kinetochore
Metaphase - line up at middle
Anaphase - centromeres divide, sister chromatids pulls apart to form 2 chromosomes at either pole by microtubules
Telophase: nuclear envelope reappears, chromosomes decondense, spindles disappear.
Cytokinesis- actin makes cleavage furrow, cytoplasm splits, 2 new cells

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21
Q

What are chromosomal territories

A

Chromosomes have specific areas within the nucleus

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22
Q

What is a pair of chromosomes that have the same genes one from maternal one from paternal? Is this more relevant for mitosis or meiosis?

A

Homologous e.g. of chromosome 1 (2 copies)

Meiosis as this is how they line up and split

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23
Q

What are non-homologous chromosomes

A

chromosomes with different number e.g. one from chromosome 1 and one from chromosome 3

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24
Q

If you paired a chromatid from the paternal chromosome 1 and a chromatid from the maternal chromosome 1 what would they be called?

A

Non- sister chromatids

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25
What process has 1 DNA replication 2 x cell divisions?
Meiosis
26
Where does recombination (crossing over/chiasma) happen in meiosis?
Prophase I
27
Where does random assortment occur in meiosis?
Metaphase I
28
Does the nuclear envelope always reform in telophase of meiosis I?
Not always
29
At end of meiosis I are the two cells haploid or diploid?
Haploid as 46 chromatids
30
Does genetic diversity in gametes occur in meiosis I or II
I
31
At the end of meiosis you end up with 23 chromosomes 23 single chromatids and 4 haploid daughter cells true or false
True
32
What are two consequences of meiosis?
Maintaining equal number of chromosomes through generations and genetic diversity.
33
Base pairs can be purine-purine true/false
false have to be a purine and a pyrimidine
34
Name 2 covalent bonds in DNA double helix
Glycosidic and phosphodiester
35
What is sugar+base+phosphate compared to sugar+base?
nucleotide nucleoside
36
What is sugar+base+phosphate compared to sugar+base?
nucleotide nucleoside
37
How can anticancer/antiviral drugs that target DNA get into the cell?
They are nucleotide analogues but without phosphate (so no -ve charge) so can get in cell. Once in they get phosphorylated and then can get incorporated into the DNA.
38
What is the role of single-stranded binding proteins in DNA replication?
Prevents the helix rewinding - stabilises it
39
What does DNA primase do? Does it act on both leading and lagging strand?
It adds an RNA primer to both leading and lagging strand for DNA polymerase to then replicate from. It adds multiple to the lagging strand as need a new primase for each okazaki fragment thats made
40
What are the 5 stages and 5 enzymes + 1 important protein involved in DNA replication?
1) Helicase/Topoisomerase 2) Single stranded binding proteins 3) Primase 4) Polymerase 5) Ligase
41
What bonds does ligase reform? Give an example
Phosphodiester (back bone) that has been broken e.g. okazaki fragments back together in DNA replication.
42
What is the structure of a nucleosome?
fragment of DNA wrapped around 8 histone proteins
43
If making a cancer or virus drug that is a nucleoside analogue what part of the deoxyribose sugar would you alter so it prevents DNA replication?
Alter where DNA bonds would form, so drug could be incorporated and then prevent replication e.g. carbons 1, 3, OH on 5 on deoxyribose
44
What does telomerase do?
Adds DNA repeats to 3' end of telomeres, not in normal tissue but in embryos/gametes
45
Two roles of telemeres
Prevent DNA damage/loss | Prevents fusion with other chromosomes
46
Why isn't DNA lost from the lagging strand in replication at the end?
Because of telomeres
47
Two roles of nucleolus
That main function is the production of subunits which then together form ribosomes Also 50% of RNA synthesis
48
How is DNA polymerase stabilised on the strand to increase productivity of DNA replication?
Sliding clamp that encircles template strand and interacts with DNA polymerase to stabilise and enable high productivity of DNA replication.
49
Slowing stalling or breakage during DNA replication is called what
DNA replication stress
50
What is DNA replication stress
Inefficient replication that leads to slowing stalling or breaking during DNA replication
51
Which 3 categories of problems can cause replication stress?
- Problem with machinery of DNA replication e.g. helicase stalls - Problems on the DNA molecule, e.g. breaks, structure, RNA accidentally included - Problems with the response pathways
52
What disease can be caused by slippage causing micro satellite DNA repeats
Huntingtons
53
BRCA gene deficiency causes breast cancer by which DNA replication error leading to DNA replication stress
Error in DBS repair allowing DBSs to persist
54
Give two examples of machinery errors leading to DNA replication stress
Helicase and Polymerase issues
55
Give two examples of DNA problems that prevent replication fork progression.
- Lesions - Secondary structures Both these get in the way so prevent continuation of DNA replication
56
Give two examples of fault DNA repair that prevent DNA replication continuing?
BER defects | DBS repair defects
57
What kind of DNA replication error can cause nucleotide misincorporation (base mismatch)
Machinery defect - error in exonuclease function of DNA polymerase
58
What is the difference between the exonuclease function of DNA polymerase and the DNA repair BER?
DNA polymerase only during S phase BER throughout cell cycle
59
What is damage to structure of DNA e.g. caused by UV damage called?
A lesion
60
What are two consequences of DNA replication error?
Cancer/Cell death (ageing)

MCBG (15 decks)

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