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ANIMAL PRODUCTION > General Principles of Animal Breeding, Genetics and Reproduction > Flashcards

General Principles of Animal Breeding, Genetics and Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

It contributes to individual fitness and to the evolution of animal genetic resources. By definition, these traits are also important to the ability of the animal genetic resource to be sustained in the production environment.

A

Adaptation traits

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2
Q

The effect of an allele on animal performance, independent of the effect of the other allele at a locus. These effects of the two alleles at a locus add up (thus “additive”). Alleles at a locus may have other effects (dominance, epistasis), so that there are not genes that have just “additive” effects and other genes with only “dominance” effects.

A

Additive genetic effects

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3
Q

Additive genetic effects can be inherited; other genetic effects such as dominance and epistasis are the result of allele combinations that are lost between generations. The additive genetic effect that an animal has for a trait is equal to its breeding value.

A

Additive genetic effects

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4
Q

One of a pair, or series of alternative forms of a gene that can occur at a given locus
on homologous chromosomes

A

Allele

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5
Q

Any one of a class of organic compounds containing the amino (NH2) group and
the carboxyl (COOH) group. Amino acids are combined to form proteins.

A

Amino acids

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6
Q

A system for genetic evaluations that estimates breeding values of individual animals (males, females) at the same time. The system uses production data on all known relatives in calculating a genetic evaluation.

A

Animal model

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7
Q

Any individual from which an animal is descended.

A

Ancestor

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8
Q

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

A

Autosome

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9
Q

The cross produced by mating a first-cross animal back to one of its parent lines
or breeds.

A

Backcross

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10
Q

Either a sub-specific group of domestic livestock with definable and identifiable external characteristics that enable it to be separated by a visual appraisal from other similarly defined groups within the same species or a group for which geographical and/or cultural
separation from phenotypically similar groups has led to the acceptance of its separate identity.

A

Breed

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11
Q

The mean genetic value of an individual as a parent. It can be estimated as the average superiority of an individual’s progeny relative to all other progeny under conditions of random mating.

A

Breeding value

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12
Q

Spindle-fiber attachment region of a chromosome.

A

Centromere

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13
Q

Microscopically observable linear arrangement of DNA in the nucleus of a cell. Chromosomes carry the genes responsible for the determination and transmission of hereditary characteristics

A

Chromosome

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14
Q

Alleles, each of which produces an independent effect in heterozygotes

A

Co-dominant alleles

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15
Q

The mean performance of a line when involved in a cross-breeding system

A

Combining ability

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16
Q

General combining ability is the average
performance when a breed or line is crossed with
two or more other breeds or lines. Specific combining ability is the degree to which the performance of a specific cross deviates from the average general combining ability of two lines.

A

Combining ability

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17
Q

A line that is randomly selected and randomly mated. Usually used in selection experiments to monitor environment effects in order to estimate the genetic change in a selected line.

A

Control line

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18
Q

Matings between animals of different breeds or lines.

A

Crossbreeding

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19
Q

The protoplasm outside a cell nucleus.

A

Cytoplasm

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20
Q

An individual descended from other individuals.

A

Descendant

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21
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid, the chemical material which carries information to code for a
gene.

A

DNA

22
Q

Applied to one member of an allelic pair of genes, which has the ability to express itself wholly or largely at the exclusion of the expression of the other allele.

A

Dominant

23
Q

The aggregate of all the external conditions and influences affecting the life
and development of the organism.

A

Environment

24
Q

A prediction of a breeding value. See breeding value.

A

Estimated breeding value

25
Q

When the gene at one locus affects the expression of the gene at another locus.

A

Epistasis

26
Q

A sequence of DNA that is expressed (transcribed) into RNA, then translated into
protein. Adjacent exons may be separated by an intron, which is later removed from the RNA
transcript via a splicing mechanism.

A

Exon

27
Q

Animals resulting from crossing parents from different lines or breeds.

A

F1

28
Q

Animals resulting from matings among F1 parents.

A

F2

29
Q

Animals resulting from matings among F2 parents.

A

F3

30
Q

The mean number of offspring per parent that successfully reproduce.

A

Family size

31
Q

Individuals having the same male and female parents.

A

Full sibs

32
Q

A sperm or egg cell containing the haploid (1n) number of chromosomes.

A

Gamete

33
Q

A functional hereditary unit that occupies a fixed location on a chromosome, has a specific influence on phenotype and is capable of mutation to various allelic forms.

A

Gene

34
Q

A gene or DNA sequence having a known location on a chromosome and associated with a particular gene or trait; a gene phenotypically associated with a particular, easily identified trait and used to identify an individual or cell carrying that gene.

A

Genetic marker

35
Q

Variation in phenotype which results from variations in genetic composition
among individuals.

A

Genetic variance

36
Q

The complete set of genes and non-coding sequences present in each cell of an
organism, or the genes in a complete haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism

A

Genome

37
Q

A discipline in genetics concerned with the study of the genome of an organism. The field includes efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale genetic mapping.

A

Genomics

38
Q

It also studies intragenomic phenomena such as heterosis, epistasis, pleiotropy, and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome.

A

Genomics

38
Q

The genetic constitution of one or a few gene(s) or locus (loci), or total genetic
make-up (genes) of an individual organism.

A

Genotype

39
Q

The process of repeated backcrossing to one parental line to produce a population
that is nearly purebred.

A

Grade-up

40
Q

Individuals that share only one common parent.

A

Half sibs

41
Q

A set of alleles at a closely linked group of loci, so closely linked that the allelic set
behaves almost as one allele in terms of inheritance.

A

Haplotype

42
Q

Degree to which a given trait is controlled by inheritance; proportion of total phenotypic variation that is attributable to genetic variation (in contrast to environment-caused variation).

A

Heritability

43
Q

The degree to which the performance of a crossbred animal is better or worse than
the average performance of the parents.

A

Heterosis

44
Q

An organism with unlike members of any given pair or series of alleles, which consequently produces unlike gametes.

A

Heterozygote, adj. heterozygous

45
Q

Chromosomes which occur in pairs and are similar in size and shape, one having come from the male and one from the female parent.

A

Homologous chromosomes

46
Q

An organism whose chromosomes carry identical members of a given pair of genes. The gametes are therefore all alike with respect to this locus.

A

Homozygote, adj. homozygous

47
Q

Matings among related individuals, which results in progeny that have less
heterozygosity and hence more homozygous gene pairs than the average of the population.

A

Inbreeding

48
Q

When animals are culled if they do not meet all of the minimum levels of performance for a set of traits.

A

Independent culling

49
Q

The appearance of the metaphase chromosomes of an individual or species, which
shows the comparative size, shape, and morphology of the different chromosomes.

A

Karyotype

50
Q

A gene that results in the death of the animal.

A

Lethal gene

51
Q

Both internal (e.g., genetic merit) and external (e.g., nutrition, disease, exposure) forces that influence the expression of a threshold character (e.g., disease, conception, abnormalities, etc.).

A

Liability

ANIMAL PRODUCTION (2 decks)

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