general principles

Question 1

bactericidal antibiotic that causes a potassium ion efflux and rapid membrane depolarization, resulting in inhibition of intracellular synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins

Answer 1

daptomycin

Question 2

daptomycin SE

Answer 2

rhabdomyolysis

Question 3

daptomycin and staph pneumo

Answer 3

dont use dapto because surfactant inactivates it

Question 4

cancer anorexia cachexia cytokines

Answer 4

IL1 IL6 and TNF alpha

Question 5

This girl’s fever, sore throat, enlarged tonsils with exudates, palatal petechiae, cervical lymphadenopathy, and lack of cough suggest a diagnosis of bacterial tonsillopharyngitis. The most common cause of acute bacterial tonsillopharyngitis

Answer 5

GAS

Question 6

which virulence factor of GAS protects it from phagocytosis

Answer 6

M protein

Question 7

10 month girl
falccid blisters
+ve nikolsky sign

Answer 7

BULLOUS impetigo

staph a exfoliative toxin A

Question 8

exfolative toxin made by staph

Answer 8

bullous impetigo and

Scalded skin syndrome —

Question 9

why is The rate of replication in the mammalian cells is ∼ 125 times faster than in E. coli.

Answer 9

The eukaryotic genome has multiple oris, as opposed to only one fixed ori in prokaryotes, to which specific proteins initiating replication can bind

ORIS ARE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION

Question 10

cytosine is mutated to uracil

what is the first function of the enzyme that repairs such mutations in DNA base

Answer 10

Base alterations in DNA, such as the deamination of cytosine to uracil, are repaired by base excision repair. The initial step involves the enzyme DNA glycosylase.

Question 11

GEL PLease mnemonic

Answer 11

base excision repair
1. glycosylase removes the altered base and creates AP site
2. one or more nucleotide is romved by AP Endo nuclease which cleaves 5’ end
3. Lyase cleaves the 3’ end
DNA Polymerase fills the gap and Ligase seals it

Question 12

DNA elongation is performed by DNA polymerases. Prokaryotic DNA polymerase I has a unique function

Answer 12

excision of nucletides in 5’-3’ direction
it removes PRIMERS
in the leading strand only ONE primer is there so this happens ONCE

however in lagging strand mutliple primers are there—- has to occur multiple times DNA POLYMERASE I can do ths

Question 13

The formation of pink colonies on MacConkey agar indicates positive lactose fermentation, a characteristic of

Answer 13

Citrobacter, Klebsiella, E. coli, Enterobacter, and Serratia species.

Question 14

which enzyme requires uracil to function

Answer 14

primase

Question 15

it degrades primers (5’→3’ exonuclease activity)

Answer 15

DNA PLYMERASE 1

Question 16

proofreading activity in a 3’→5’ direction (exonuclease activity).

Answer 16

DNA POLYMERASE III

Question 17

lack of difference in the dose corrected area under the curve means?

Answer 17

The lack of a difference in the dose-corrected area under the curves for oral and intravenous administration indicates that the drug is virtually entirely absorbed into systemic circulation

100 % bioavailability
isosorbide mononitrate

Question 18

which diuretic has otoxicity

Answer 18

ethacrynic acid

EE __ EARS

Question 19

act predominantly in the straight segment of the proximal tubule and the descending limb of the loop of Henle

Answer 19

mannitol

osmotic diuretics`

Question 20

formation of hydrogen and disulfide bonds between collagen α-chains

Answer 20

formation of procollagen in RER

this is imp for — bone matrix synthesis

Question 21

maintenance dose formula

Answer 21

target plasma conc x clearance x dosing intervals / bioavalability

Question 22

antidote for cyanide poisoning that binds to the toxic metabolites directly

Answer 22

hydroxycobalmine

Question 23

Recurrent respiratory infections, fat malabsorption, and failure to thrive are concerning for

Answer 23

cystic fibrosis

misfolded proteins

Question 24

which amino acid is neutral at body temp but positive otherwise

Answer 24

histidine

Question 25

girl has turner synd

buccal mucos scraping shows —- cells with a single dark body attached to the nuclear membrane

Answer 25

description of a barr body

in a complete monosomy 45 XO these barr bodies wont be visibile
this is a case of mosciascism — post ziogtic mitotic error

Question 26

what would cause formation of localized edema after an injury

Answer 26

endothelial junction separation due to the histamine released from the mast cells

Question 27

itraconazole and ph levels

Answer 27

itraconazole reqs an acidic env to be absorbed

Question 28

which drugs have a high pka

Answer 28

Drugs with a high pKa (e.g., phenytoin, propylthiouracil, allopurinol, and amphetamines) are better absorbed at a higher gastric pH.

Question 29

The influenza virus strain under investigation has surface neuraminidase without a genome encoding for the protein. It must have therefore acquired the surface protein from one of the other coinfecting influenza viruses.

Answer 29

this is called phenotypic mixing

Question 30

what is degeneracy

Answer 30

Degeneracy (genetic code) refers to the redundancy of codon base pairing; multiple codons can specify one single amino acid.

Question 31

list of segmented viruses

Answer 31

ortho
rota
arena
bunya

Question 32

reassortment

Answer 32

antigenic SHIFT

only segmented viruses

Question 33

what solution is best to sterilize potential c diff contamination

Answer 33

Chlorine-based solutions (such as bleach) are both bactericidal and sporicidal and can be used to sterilize surfaces and equipment that has been potentially contaminated by Clostridium difficile.

Question 34

drug that decreases angiotensin II and renin

Answer 34

b1 antagonist

ACE i will decrease angiotensin II but not renin!!

Question 35

Heart conduction disorders (bradycardia, arrhythmia), testicular atrophy, myotonia, and frontal balding are signs of

Answer 35

MTC

Question 36

mechanism of cachexia

Answer 36

Muscle wasting in the setting of cancer cachexia is associated with increased release of proinflammatory cytokines from tumor cells (e.g., IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha). These cytokines cause activation of NF-κB, which stimulates the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.

Question 37

TNF-α-mediated caspase activation leads to

Answer 37

cell apoptosis via extrinsic pathway

Question 38

tumor grading

Answer 38

include mitotic count, the degree of nuclear pleomorphism, and cellular organization (tubular/glandular structures).

Well-differentiated tumors —– low-grade,
whereas poorly-differentiated (or anaplastic) tumors are classified as high-grade.

Question 39

mechanism involving x inactivation

Answer 39

Methylation of cytosine nucleotides is the most common epigenetic modification of human DNA.

Question 40

Foscarnet mechanims

Answer 40

pyroPHOsphate binding sites

leads to hypocalcemia and SEIZURES

Question 41

HIV pt
In combination with retinal hemorrhages, blurred vision and flashing lights in an immunocompromised patient should raise suspicion for

Answer 41

CMV retinits

Question 42

azithromycin and CP450

Answer 42

doesnt cause inhibiton

erytho does