general principles Flashcards
bactericidal antibiotic that causes a potassium ion efflux and rapid membrane depolarization, resulting in inhibition of intracellular synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins
daptomycin
daptomycin SE
rhabdomyolysis
daptomycin and staph pneumo
dont use dapto because surfactant inactivates it
cancer anorexia cachexia cytokines
IL1 IL6 and TNF alpha
This girl’s fever, sore throat, enlarged tonsils with exudates, palatal petechiae, cervical lymphadenopathy, and lack of cough suggest a diagnosis of bacterial tonsillopharyngitis. The most common cause of acute bacterial tonsillopharyngitis
GAS
which virulence factor of GAS protects it from phagocytosis
M protein
10 month girl
falccid blisters
+ve nikolsky sign
BULLOUS impetigo
staph a exfoliative toxin A
exfolative toxin made by staph
bullous impetigo and
Scalded skin syndrome —
why is The rate of replication in the mammalian cells is ∼ 125 times faster than in E. coli.
The eukaryotic genome has multiple oris, as opposed to only one fixed ori in prokaryotes, to which specific proteins initiating replication can bind
ORIS ARE ORIGIN OF REPLICATION
cytosine is mutated to uracil
what is the first function of the enzyme that repairs such mutations in DNA base
Base alterations in DNA, such as the deamination of cytosine to uracil, are repaired by base excision repair. The initial step involves the enzyme DNA glycosylase.
GEL PLease mnemonic
base excision repair
1. glycosylase removes the altered base and creates AP site
2. one or more nucleotide is romved by AP Endo nuclease which cleaves 5’ end
3. Lyase cleaves the 3’ end
DNA Polymerase fills the gap and Ligase seals it
DNA elongation is performed by DNA polymerases. Prokaryotic DNA polymerase I has a unique function
excision of nucletides in 5’-3’ direction
it removes PRIMERS
in the leading strand only ONE primer is there so this happens ONCE
however in lagging strand mutliple primers are there—- has to occur multiple times DNA POLYMERASE I can do ths
The formation of pink colonies on MacConkey agar indicates positive lactose fermentation, a characteristic of
Citrobacter, Klebsiella, E. coli, Enterobacter, and Serratia species.
which enzyme requires uracil to function
primase
it degrades primers (5’→3’ exonuclease activity)
DNA PLYMERASE 1
proofreading activity in a 3’→5’ direction (exonuclease activity).
DNA POLYMERASE III
lack of difference in the dose corrected area under the curve means?
The lack of a difference in the dose-corrected area under the curves for oral and intravenous administration indicates that the drug is virtually entirely absorbed into systemic circulation
100 % bioavailability
isosorbide mononitrate
which diuretic has otoxicity
ethacrynic acid
EE __ EARS
act predominantly in the straight segment of the proximal tubule and the descending limb of the loop of Henle
mannitol
osmotic diuretics`
formation of hydrogen and disulfide bonds between collagen α-chains
formation of procollagen in RER
this is imp for — bone matrix synthesis
maintenance dose formula
target plasma conc x clearance x dosing intervals / bioavalability
antidote for cyanide poisoning that binds to the toxic metabolites directly
hydroxycobalmine
Recurrent respiratory infections, fat malabsorption, and failure to thrive are concerning for
cystic fibrosis
misfolded proteins
which amino acid is neutral at body temp but positive otherwise
histidine
girl has turner synd
buccal mucos scraping shows —- cells with a single dark body attached to the nuclear membrane
description of a barr body
in a complete monosomy 45 XO these barr bodies wont be visibile
this is a case of mosciascism — post ziogtic mitotic error
what would cause formation of localized edema after an injury
endothelial junction separation due to the histamine released from the mast cells
itraconazole and ph levels
itraconazole reqs an acidic env to be absorbed
which drugs have a high pka
Drugs with a high pKa (e.g., phenytoin, propylthiouracil, allopurinol, and amphetamines) are better absorbed at a higher gastric pH.
The influenza virus strain under investigation has surface neuraminidase without a genome encoding for the protein. It must have therefore acquired the surface protein from one of the other coinfecting influenza viruses.
this is called phenotypic mixing
what is degeneracy
Degeneracy (genetic code) refers to the redundancy of codon base pairing; multiple codons can specify one single amino acid.
list of segmented viruses
ortho
rota
arena
bunya
reassortment
antigenic SHIFT
only segmented viruses
what solution is best to sterilize potential c diff contamination
Chlorine-based solutions (such as bleach) are both bactericidal and sporicidal and can be used to sterilize surfaces and equipment that has been potentially contaminated by Clostridium difficile.
drug that decreases angiotensin II and renin
b1 antagonist
ACE i will decrease angiotensin II but not renin!!
Heart conduction disorders (bradycardia, arrhythmia), testicular atrophy, myotonia, and frontal balding are signs of
MTC
mechanism of cachexia
Muscle wasting in the setting of cancer cachexia is associated with increased release of proinflammatory cytokines from tumor cells (e.g., IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha). These cytokines cause activation of NF-κB, which stimulates the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
TNF-α-mediated caspase activation leads to
cell apoptosis via extrinsic pathway
tumor grading
include mitotic count, the degree of nuclear pleomorphism, and cellular organization (tubular/glandular structures).
Well-differentiated tumors —– low-grade,
whereas poorly-differentiated (or anaplastic) tumors are classified as high-grade.
mechanism involving x inactivation
Methylation of cytosine nucleotides is the most common epigenetic modification of human DNA.
Foscarnet mechanims
pyroPHOsphate binding sites
leads to hypocalcemia and SEIZURES
HIV pt
In combination with retinal hemorrhages, blurred vision and flashing lights in an immunocompromised patient should raise suspicion for
CMV retinits
azithromycin and CP450
doesnt cause inhibiton
erytho does
