General principles Flashcards
Definition of cell signalling
Conversion of inputs into outputs
5 cellular inputs
ECM, nutrient signals, signals from other cells, environmental stresses and internal states (e.g. homeostasis, cell cycle)
5 cellular outputs
Conformational change, secretion, gene expression, death, growth
Basic steps of CS
Extracellular signalling molecule, receptor, intracellular signalling proteins, effector proteins
Types of intracellular signalling
Contact-dependent, synpatic, paracrine, endocrine
What is the outcome dependent on
Context
What two stages can signalling be divided into
Receptor activation and downstream signalling
3 different affects of Ach
Decrease heart rate in heart pacemaker cells, contraction in skeletal muscle cells, secretion in salivary gland cells
How is information transferred
Changes in state of the protein
Examples of changes in state
Conformational change, PTM, localisation, binding/ dissociation
Ubiquitination writer/ eraser/ reader system
Ubiquitin ligase, deubiquitinase, UIM domain
How many human protein kinases are there and what are their sub-divisions
- 400 Ser/ Thr and 100 Tyr
How many human protein phosphatases
140
An example of a small monomeric GTPase
Rho family
GEF
Guanine exchange factor that exchanges GDP for GTP (activating the protein)
GAP
GTPase activating protein that hydrolyses GTP into GDP (deactivates the protein)
