General Principles

Question 1

The ability of a drug to produce response

Answer 1

Efficacy

Question 2

the dose of the drug that gives 50% of the Emax

Answer 2

ED50 (Effective Dose)

Question 3

the dose of the drug needed to cause a harmful effect in 50% of a test population of subjects.

Answer 3

TD50 (Toxic Dose)

Question 4

the dose needed to cause death in 50% of a test group of animals

Answer 4

LD50 (Lethal Dose)

Question 5

the ratio between the LD50 and the ED50. It is a measure of safety

Answer 5

Therapeutic index (TI) LD50/ED50

Question 6

the ratio between the LD50 and the ED50. It is a measure of safety

Answer 6

Therapeutic index (TI) LD50/ED50

Question 7

If the antagonist binds to the same site of the agonist on the receptor, it is called

Answer 7

competitive antagonist

Question 8

If the antagonist binds to another site on the receptor, and prevented the action of the agonist, it is called

Answer 8

non-competitive antagonist

Question 9

the science dealing with tailoring drug medication according to the circadian rhythm of the body to get better response and/or to avoid possible side effects.

Answer 9

Chronopharmacology

Question 10

the science dealing with tailoring drug medication according to the circadian rhythm of the body to get better response and/or to avoid possible side effects.

Answer 10

Chronopharmacology

Question 11

means that the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum

of their individual effects (i.e. 1+1=2).

Answer 11

Summation

Question 12

means that the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects (i.e. 1+1=3).

Answer 12

Synergism

Question 13

means that the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of their individual effects (i.e. 1+1=3).

Answer 13

Synergism

Question 14

similar to synergism but, in potentiation, the effect of one drug itself is greatly increased by intake of another drug without notable effect (i.e. 1+0=2),

Answer 14

Potentiation

Question 15

One drug abolishes the effect of the other i.e. 1+1=0 (

Answer 15

Antagonism

Question 16

means progressive decrease in drug response with successive administration.

Answer 16

Tolerance

Question 17

is an acute type of tolerance that occurs very rapidly

Answer 17

Tachyphylaxis

Question 18

is recurring of symptoms in exaggerated form when a drug is suddenly stopped after a long period of administration.

Answer 18

Rebound effect

Question 19

is recurring of symptoms in exaggerated form plus addition of new symptoms when a drug is suddenly stopped

Answer 19

Withdrawal effect (syndrome)

Question 20

It is the pH at which 50% of the drug is ionized and 50%is non-ionized

Answer 20

pKa of a drug

Question 21

The apparent volume of water into which the drug is distributed in the body after distribution equilibrium.

Answer 21

Volume of distribution (Vd)

Question 22

Some drugs are not metabolized at all and excreted unchanged.

Answer 22

(hard drugs)

Question 23

A set of enzymes that is responsible for the majority of phase II reactions

Answer 23

Glucuronyl transferase

Question 24

Metabolism of drugs at the site of administration before reaching systemic circulation

Answer 24

First-pass metabolism
(pre-systemic elimination)

Question 25

The time needed to eliminate 50% of the drug from the plasma

Answer 25

Half-life (plasma Half-life)

Question 26

the steady level of drug in plasma achieved when the rate of administration equals the rate of elimination.

Answer 26

Steady-state plasma concentration (Cpss)

Question 27

1. The Cpss is reached after 4-5 t1/2
2. If we changed the dose, the new Cpss is reached after 4-5 t1/2
3. If dosing stops, complete elimination of drug from plasma occurs after 4-5 t

Answer 27

The rule of 5

Question 28

Abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland

Answer 28

Goiter