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MRCOG Pharmacology > General Principles > Flashcards

General Principles Flashcards

1
Q

4 subdivisions of pharmacology?

A

Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacotherapeutics
Toxicology

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2
Q

4 principles of pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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3
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

What the body does to the drug

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4
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

What the drug does to the body.

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5
Q

How many phases of human drug clinical testing?

A

4

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6
Q

Phase 1 drug clinical testing

A

Studied in normal volunteers

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7
Q

Phase 2 drug clinical testing

A

In target population
Compared with a control drug

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8
Q

Phase 3 drug clinical testing

A

Similar to phase 2, but in large groups
Compared with a control drug

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9
Q

Phase 4 drug clinical testing

A

Post-marketing surveillance

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10
Q

Distribution of a drug depends on

A
  • Capillary permeability
  • Drug solubility (lipophilic drugs distribute across cells more easily)
  • Binding to plasma proteins.
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11
Q

What is biotransformation?

A

Makes drugs more polar (lipophillic properties of a drug hinder its elimination).

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12
Q

2 phases of biotransformation

A
  1. Metabolism - Via action of cytochrome p450
  2. Conjugation - occurs in the liver cytosol.
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13
Q

Metabolism includes

A

Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis

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14
Q

Conjugation occurs with

A
  • Glucuronate (e.g. paracetamol and morphine)
  • Glutathione
  • Sulphate (e.g. the contraceptive pill)
  • Acetic acid (e.g. hydralazine and isoniazid)
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15
Q

What is Vd?

A

Volume of distribution

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16
Q

What is the volume of distribution?

A
  • The ratio of the amount of drug in the body to its plasma concentration
17
Q

What does a large Vd suggest?

A
  • Signifies that most of the drug is being sequestered in some tissue.
  • Lipophilic drugs
18
Q

What may cause drug interactions?

A
  • Enzyme inductors (e.g. phenytoin)
  • Enzyme inhibitors (e.g. sulfonamides)
  • Enterohepatic circulation (reduced by ampicillin)
  • GIT flora (reduced by ampicillin)

MRCOG Pharmacology (3 decks)

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