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Physiology - By Ana Rangel > General principles > Flashcards

General principles Flashcards

1
Q

Oxygen reacts with _____ , _____, and ____, to create energy

A

CHO´s, fat and proteins

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2
Q

Fluids distribution on the body

A

2/3 Intracelular
1/3 Extracelular
.1 Transcelular

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3
Q

Main intracellular ions

A

Potassium, Magnesium and Phosphate

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4
Q

Main extracellular ions

A

Calcium, Potassium, Chloride and Bicarb

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5
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The body regulates products in a certain way and amount (time and rate), not fixing values

A

TRUE
For example: It will excrete the same amount of Na over time, even if the intake is more than usual

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6
Q

How long it takes to the blood, to circulate in the entire body?

A

1 minute at rest and about 6 times per minute in active excercise

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7
Q

What is the most abundant metabolite?

A

CO2

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8
Q

Functions of the Central Nervous System

A

Sensory, Integrative and Motor

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9
Q

Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System

A

Function of internal organs
Secretion of body glands

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10
Q

How does the body regulates O2 delivery?

A
  1. Amount of hemoglobin in RBC´s
  2. Does not deliver O2 if the is a lot present
  3. Oxygen.buffering function of hemoglobin (dependent on chemical properties of hemoglobin)
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11
Q

How does the body regulates CO2 ?

A

High CO2 will stimulate baroreceptors in the respiratory center and change respiratory rate

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12
Q

How does the body regulates ABP?

A

Baroreceptor system in bifurcation of carotid arteries and arch of aorta - inhibits or activation of vasomotor center

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13
Q

How many degrees above the normal body temp, will the cells be damaged?

A

+7 Celsius

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14
Q

What will happen if potassium is at least 1/3 low the normal?

A

Paralysis due to inability of nerves to send signals

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15
Q

What will happen if potassium is 2 or more over the normal range?

A

Severe heart depression

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16
Q

What will happen with severe hypocalcemia?

A

Tetanic contraction due to excess nerve impulses

17
Q

What is the Gain of a Control System ?

A

The degree of effectiveness which a control system maintains constant conditions

18
Q

Types of feedback and which one is more common?

A

Positive and Negative feedback
Negative feedback is the most common

19
Q

Examples of positive feedback

A
  1. Blood clotting cascade
  2. Uterine contractions in birth
  3. Nerve signal and sodium ion channels
20
Q

What is feed forward and adaptive control?

A

When your body send signals to correct the previous ones that did not work
For example: Muscle contractions

21
Q

Phospholipids that composed the cell membrane

A

1 hydrophilic phosphate head
2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails (lipid bilayer)

22
Q

Types of transport of substances into the cell

A
  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Facilitated difussion
  3. Primary Active Transport
  4. Secondary Active Transport
  5. Receptor mediated endocytosis
23
Q

Characteristics of simple difussion

A

No need of a carrier
No energy required
Follows gradient of concentration

24
Q

4 Substances that will cross easily by simple difussion

A

Steroids
Lipids
O2
CO2

25
Q

Substances that will not cross the cell membrane

A

Charged molecules
Proteins

26
Q

Types of carrier mediated transport

A
  1. Facilitated diffusion
  2. Primary active transport
  3. Secondary active transport
27
Q

Characteristics of facilitated diffussion

A

Needs a carrier / protein
Does not need energy
Does follow gradient concentration

28
Q

Example of facilitated diffusion

A

Glucose, Na+, Cl-
*requires a channel and it does follow gradient concentration

29
Q

Characteristics of primary active transport

A

Needs ATP
Needs a carrier
Moves against gradient concentration

30
Q

Example of primary active transport

A

Na+/K+ pump
*requires energy, Chanel and goes again gradient concentration

31
Q

Characteristics of secondary active transport

A

Depends on primary active transport is like accidental, secondary or escape transport

32
Q

Example of secondary active transport

A

Glucose enter into the cell following Na+/K+ pump or NA+ PLUS H2O movement (cerebral edema in rapid decrease of hypernatremia)

33
Q

What is receptor mediated endocytosis?

A

When proteins and ligand bind to protein cell surface to be ingested into the cell

34
Q

Example of receptor mediated endocytosis

A

LDL and LDLReceptor - needed to enter LDL (lipids/cholesterol) in the cell
*A defect on this receptor can cause hypercholesterolemia in blood

Physiology - By Ana Rangel (4 decks)

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