General principles Flashcards
Oxygen reacts with _____ , _____, and ____, to create energy
CHO´s, fat and proteins
Fluids distribution on the body
2/3 Intracelular
1/3 Extracelular
.1 Transcelular
Main intracellular ions
Potassium, Magnesium and Phosphate
Main extracellular ions
Calcium, Potassium, Chloride and Bicarb
TRUE or FALSE: The body regulates products in a certain way and amount (time and rate), not fixing values
TRUE
For example: It will excrete the same amount of Na over time, even if the intake is more than usual
How long it takes to the blood, to circulate in the entire body?
1 minute at rest and about 6 times per minute in active excercise
What is the most abundant metabolite?
CO2
Functions of the Central Nervous System
Sensory, Integrative and Motor
Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System
Function of internal organs
Secretion of body glands
How does the body regulates O2 delivery?
- Amount of hemoglobin in RBC´s
- Does not deliver O2 if the is a lot present
- Oxygen.buffering function of hemoglobin (dependent on chemical properties of hemoglobin)
How does the body regulates CO2 ?
High CO2 will stimulate baroreceptors in the respiratory center and change respiratory rate
How does the body regulates ABP?
Baroreceptor system in bifurcation of carotid arteries and arch of aorta - inhibits or activation of vasomotor center
How many degrees above the normal body temp, will the cells be damaged?
+7 Celsius
What will happen if potassium is at least 1/3 low the normal?
Paralysis due to inability of nerves to send signals
What will happen if potassium is 2 or more over the normal range?
Severe heart depression
What will happen with severe hypocalcemia?
Tetanic contraction due to excess nerve impulses
What is the Gain of a Control System ?
The degree of effectiveness which a control system maintains constant conditions
Types of feedback and which one is more common?
Positive and Negative feedback
Negative feedback is the most common
Examples of positive feedback
- Blood clotting cascade
- Uterine contractions in birth
- Nerve signal and sodium ion channels
What is feed forward and adaptive control?
When your body send signals to correct the previous ones that did not work
For example: Muscle contractions
Phospholipids that composed the cell membrane
1 hydrophilic phosphate head
2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails (lipid bilayer)
Types of transport of substances into the cell
- Simple diffusion
- Facilitated difussion
- Primary Active Transport
- Secondary Active Transport
- Receptor mediated endocytosis
Characteristics of simple difussion
No need of a carrier
No energy required
Follows gradient of concentration
4 Substances that will cross easily by simple difussion
Steroids
Lipids
O2
CO2
Substances that will not cross the cell membrane
Charged molecules
Proteins
Types of carrier mediated transport
- Facilitated diffusion
- Primary active transport
- Secondary active transport
Characteristics of facilitated diffussion
Needs a carrier / protein
Does not need energy
Does follow gradient concentration
Example of facilitated diffusion
Glucose, Na+, Cl-
*requires a channel and it does follow gradient concentration
Characteristics of primary active transport
Needs ATP
Needs a carrier
Moves against gradient concentration
Example of primary active transport
Na+/K+ pump
*requires energy, Chanel and goes again gradient concentration
Characteristics of secondary active transport
Depends on primary active transport is like accidental, secondary or escape transport
Example of secondary active transport
Glucose enter into the cell following Na+/K+ pump or NA+ PLUS H2O movement (cerebral edema in rapid decrease of hypernatremia)
What is receptor mediated endocytosis?
When proteins and ligand bind to protein cell surface to be ingested into the cell
Example of receptor mediated endocytosis
LDL and LDLReceptor - needed to enter LDL (lipids/cholesterol) in the cell
*A defect on this receptor can cause hypercholesterolemia in blood
