General principles

Question 1

Oxygen reacts with _____ , _____, and ____, to create energy

Answer 1

CHO´s, fat and proteins

Question 2

Fluids distribution on the body

Answer 2

2/3 Intracelular
1/3 Extracelular
.1 Transcelular

Question 3

Main intracellular ions

Answer 3

Potassium, Magnesium and Phosphate

Question 4

Main extracellular ions

Answer 4

Calcium, Potassium, Chloride and Bicarb

Question 5

TRUE or FALSE: The body regulates products in a certain way and amount (time and rate), not fixing values

Answer 5

TRUE
For example: It will excrete the same amount of Na over time, even if the intake is more than usual

Question 6

How long it takes to the blood, to circulate in the entire body?

Answer 6

1 minute at rest and about 6 times per minute in active excercise

Question 7

What is the most abundant metabolite?

Answer 7

CO2

Question 8

Functions of the Central Nervous System

Answer 8

Sensory, Integrative and Motor

Question 9

Functions of the Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 9

Function of internal organs
Secretion of body glands

Question 10

How does the body regulates O2 delivery?

Answer 10

1. Amount of hemoglobin in RBC´s
2. Does not deliver O2 if the is a lot present
3. Oxygen.buffering function of hemoglobin (dependent on chemical properties of hemoglobin)

Question 11

How does the body regulates CO2 ?

Answer 11

High CO2 will stimulate baroreceptors in the respiratory center and change respiratory rate

Question 12

How does the body regulates ABP?

Answer 12

Baroreceptor system in bifurcation of carotid arteries and arch of aorta - inhibits or activation of vasomotor center

Question 13

How many degrees above the normal body temp, will the cells be damaged?

Answer 13

+7 Celsius

Question 14

What will happen if potassium is at least 1/3 low the normal?

Answer 14

Paralysis due to inability of nerves to send signals

Question 15

What will happen if potassium is 2 or more over the normal range?

Answer 15

Severe heart depression

Question 16

What will happen with severe hypocalcemia?

Answer 16

Tetanic contraction due to excess nerve impulses

Question 17

What is the Gain of a Control System ?

Answer 17

The degree of effectiveness which a control system maintains constant conditions

Question 18

Types of feedback and which one is more common?

Answer 18

Positive and Negative feedback
Negative feedback is the most common

Question 19

Examples of positive feedback

Answer 19

1. Blood clotting cascade
2. Uterine contractions in birth
3. Nerve signal and sodium ion channels

Question 20

What is feed forward and adaptive control?

Answer 20

When your body send signals to correct the previous ones that did not work
For example: Muscle contractions

Question 21

Phospholipids that composed the cell membrane

Answer 21

1 hydrophilic phosphate head
2 hydrophobic fatty acid tails (lipid bilayer)

Question 22

Types of transport of substances into the cell

Answer 22

1. Simple diffusion
2. Facilitated difussion
3. Primary Active Transport
4. Secondary Active Transport
5. Receptor mediated endocytosis

Question 23

Characteristics of simple difussion

Answer 23

No need of a carrier
No energy required
Follows gradient of concentration

Question 24

4 Substances that will cross easily by simple difussion

Answer 24

Steroids
Lipids
O2
CO2

Question 25

Substances that will not cross the cell membrane

Answer 25

Charged molecules Proteins

Question 26

Types of carrier mediated transport

Answer 26

1. Facilitated diffusion 2. Primary active transport 3. Secondary active transport

Question 27

Characteristics of facilitated diffussion

Answer 27

Needs a carrier / protein Does not need energy Does follow gradient concentration

Question 28

Example of facilitated diffusion

Answer 28

Glucose, Na+, Cl- *requires a channel and it does follow gradient concentration

Question 29

Characteristics of primary active transport

Answer 29

Needs ATP Needs a carrier Moves against gradient concentration

Question 30

Example of primary active transport

Answer 30

Na+/K+ pump *requires energy, Chanel and goes again gradient concentration

Question 31

Characteristics of secondary active transport

Answer 31

Depends on primary active transport is like accidental, secondary or escape transport

Question 32

Example of secondary active transport

Answer 32

Glucose enter into the cell following Na+/K+ pump or NA+ PLUS H2O movement (cerebral edema in rapid decrease of hypernatremia)

Question 33

What is receptor mediated endocytosis?

Answer 33

When proteins and ligand bind to protein cell surface to be ingested into the cell

Question 34

Example of receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 34

LDL and LDLReceptor - needed to enter LDL (lipids/cholesterol) in the cell *A defect on this receptor can cause hypercholesterolemia in blood